Total synthesis of myriaporones

ABSTRACT

Compounds of the general formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof are provided: wherein the substituent groups defined by R are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′ 3 , SOR′, SO 2 X, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl; the group R′ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic groups; and the group R″ is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OR′, OCOR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO 2 R′, NO 2 , NH 2 , NHR′, N(R′) 2 , NHCOR′, N(COR′) 2 , NHSO 2 R′, CN, halogen, C(═O)H, C(═O)R′, CO 2 H, CO 2 R′, CH 2 OR, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic; with the proviso that the compound is not compound 1, 3 or 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708. The compounds have antitumour activity. A synthetic route is also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Myriaporones are a new class of marine polyketide-derived isolated from the bryozoan Myriapora truncata.

Myriaporones are disclosed to have antitumor activity. The complete structure for these related compounds was given by K. L. Rinehart et al., J. Nat. Prod. 1995, 58, 344 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708. Myriaporones 3 and 4 described there are in an equilibrium mixture between the free hydroxy ketone and the hemiketal as indicated in the figure above.

There have been several unsuccessful attempts at the synthesis of myriaporones, see for example Taylor, R. E.; Ciavarri, J. C.; Hearn, B. R. “A Divergent Approach the Myriaporones and Tedanolide: Enantioselective Preparation of the Common Intermediate” Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 9361; Taylor et al., Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2853, available on the Web 2 Aug. 2002.

In view of their interesting biological properties there is a need to provide an efficient, stereocontrolled total synthesis of myriaporones and related compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to compounds of general formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof

wherein the substituent groups defined by R are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;

the group R′ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic groups; and

the group R″ is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OR′, OCOR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHCOR′, N(COR′)₂, NHSO₂R′, CN, halogen, C(═O)H, C(═O)R′, CO₂H, CO₂R′, CH₂OR, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic;

with the proviso that the compound is not compound 1, 3 or 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708.

Compound 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708 corresponds to formula 1 shown above in the description of the prior art.

According to our findings, the natural compounds 3 and 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708 correspond to compounds 4a and 3a as described in the examples below.

When R″ is CH₂OH compounds of formula I may exist as a mixture of the ketone isomer and the hemiketal isomer (5),

wherein the substituent groups defined by R are as defined above.

In particular, we prefer that at least one of the R substituents is not hydrogen. We have found that these compounds show improved cytotoxicity.

Myriaporones are obtained from natural sources. Another objective of the present invention is to provide a synthetic route to produce myriaporones and derivatives. Therefore, the present invention is directed to the synthesis of the compounds of formula I as defined above, including those where all R groups are H, and to intermediates used in the synthetic process.

According to the present invention, a process of this invention involves removing a protecting group from a compound of formula 5a wherein at least one group R is a protecting group to give the corresponding compound of formula 5b where the said at least one group R is hydrogen. This synthetic route can be applied to new and known myriaporones.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof or an intermediate of their synthesis and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of the present invention is the use of compounds of formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, prodrugs or stereoisomers thereof as antitumor agents.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined above.

In these compounds the substituents can be selected in accordance with the following guidance:

Alkyl groups preferably have from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkyl groups has 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Methyl, ethyl and propyl including isopropyl are particularly preferred alkyl groups in the compounds of the present invention. As used herein, the term alkyl, unless otherwise modified, refers to both cyclic and noncyclic groups, although cyclic groups will comprise at least three carbon ring members.

Preferred alkenyl and alkynyl groups in the compounds of the present invention have one or more unsaturated linkages and from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. The terms alkenyl and alkynyl as used herein refer to both cyclic and noncyclic groups, although straight or branched noncyclic groups are generally more preferred.

Alkylidene groups may be branched or unbranched and preferably have from 1 to 12 carbon atoms. One more preferred class of alkylidene groups has from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, yet more preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Methylidene, ethylidene and propylidene including isopropylidene are particularly preferred alkylidene groups in the compounds of the present invention

Preferred alkylsulfinyl groups in the compounds of the present invention include those groups having one or more sulfoxide (SO) groups and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about 8. carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkylsulfinyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

Preferred alkylsulfonyl groups in the compounds of the present invention include those groups having one or more sulfonyl (SO₂) groups and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to about. 8 carbon atoms, and still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Alkylsulfonyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.

Preferred aminoalkyl groups include those groups having one or more primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine groups, and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, even more preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms. Secondary and tertiary amine groups are generally more preferred than primary amine moieties.

Suitable heterocyclic groups include heteroaromatic and heteroalicyclic groups. Suitable heteroaromatic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., coumarinyl including 8-coumarinyl, quinolinyl including 8-quinolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl and benzothiazol. Suitable heteroalicyclic groups in the compounds of the present invention contain one, two or three heteroatoms selected from N, O or S atoms and include, e.g., tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholino and pyrrolindinyl groups.

Suitable aryl groups in the compounds of the present invention include single and multiple ring compounds, including multiple ring compounds that contain separate and/or fused aryl groups. Typical aryl groups contain from 1 to 3 separated or fused rings and from 6 to about 18 carbon ring atoms. Specifically preferred aryl groups include substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, and anthracyl.

References herein to substituted groups in the compounds of the present invention refer to the specified moiety, typically alkyl or alkenyl, that may be substituted at one or more available positions by one or more suitable groups, e.g., halogen such as fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo; cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; carboxamido; alkyl groups including those groups having 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms and more preferably 1-3 carbon atoms; alkenyl and alkynyl groups including groups having one or more unsaturated linkages and from 2 to about 12 carbon or from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having those having one or more oxygen linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aryloxy such as phenoxy, alkylthio groups including those moieties having one or more thioether linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkylsulfinyl groups including those moieties having one or more sulfinyl linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; alkylsulfonyl groups including those moieties having one or more sulfonyl linkages and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aminoalkyl groups such as groups having one or more N atoms and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aryl having 6 or more carbons, particularly phenyl; aralkyl such as benzyl; heterocyclic groups including heteroalicyclic and heteroaromatic groups, especially with 5 to 10 ring atoms of which 1 to 4 are heteroatoms, more preferably heterocyclic groups with 5 or 6 ring atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms or with 10 ring atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms.

Preferred R groups include alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl that may be substituted at one or more available positions by one or more suitable groups, e.g., halogen such as fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo, especially ω-chloro or perfluoro; aminoalkyl groups such as groups having one or more N atoms and from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms; aryl having 6 or more carbons, particularly phenyl; aralkyl such as benzyl; heterocyclic groups including heteroalicyclic and heteroaromatic groups, especially with 5 to 10 ring atoms of which 1 to 4 are heteroatoms, more preferably heterocyclic groups with 5 or 6 ring atoms and 1 or 2 heteroatoms or with 10 ring atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, the heterocyclic groups optionally being substituted with one or more of the substituents, especially amino such as dimethylamino or with keto.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, prodrugs” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or any other compound which, upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound as described herein. However, it will be appreciated that non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts also fall within the scope of the invention since those may be useful in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The preparation of salts, prodrugs and derivatives can be carried out by methods known in the art.

For instance, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds provided herein are synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts are, for example, prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent or in a mixture of the two. Generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol or acetonitrile are preferred. Examples of the acid addition salts include mineral acid addition salts such as, for example, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, and organic acid addition salts such as, for example, acetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, methanesulphonate and p-toluenesulphonate. Examples of the alkali addition salts include inorganic salts such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium salts, and organic alkali salts such as, for example, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, N,N-dialkylenethanolamine, triethanolamine and basic aminoacids salts.

The compounds of the invention may be in crystalline form either as free compounds or as solvates (e.g. hydrates) and it is intended that both forms are within the scope of the present invention. Methods of solvation are generally known within the art.

Any compound that is a prodrug of a compound of formula I is within the scope and spirit of the invention. The term “prodrug” is used in its broadest sense and encompasses those derivatives that are converted in vivo to the compounds of the invention. Such derivatives would readily occur to those skilled in the art, and include, for example, compounds where a free hydroxy group is converted into an ester derivative.

The compounds of the present invention represented by the above described formula I may include enantiomers depending on their asymmetry or diastereoisomers. The single isomers and mixtures of the isomers fall within the scope of the present invention.

In one aspect, the present invention extends to compounds of formula I which differ from the known myriaporones in respect of one or more positions of stereochemistry. Thus, in this aspect, the compounds are isomers and isomeric derivatives.

The preferred stereochemistry of compounds of formula I is the following:

When R″ is CH₂OH the preferred stereochemistry of compounds of formula 5 is:

Particularly preferred are compounds having the following stereochemistry:

We have found that these particular groups of compounds show improved biological properties.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, R″ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene.

In one preferred embodiment of the compounds of formula 5, at least one of the R substituents is C(═O)R′. Particularly preferred is the compound of formula 47:

In another embodiment of the compounds of formula I or of formula 5, at least one of the R substituents is not hydrogen. Suitably, each group that is not hydrogen is a protecting group, which may be the same or different.

Compounds of the following formula are preferred:

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are hydroxy protecting groups.

Particularly preferred are compounds of formula 19:

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are hydroxy protecting groups; and of formula 30:

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are hydroxy protecting groups.

Suitably, R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are the same protecting group. They can be chosen from TBS (tBuMe₂Si—), TBDPS (tBuPh₂Si—), TES (Et₃Si—), MOM (CH₃OCH₂—), MEM (CH₃OCH₂CH₂OCH₂—), SEM ((CH₃)₃SiCH₂CH₂OCH₂—) and Ac—(CH₃CO—). Especially preferred is TBS (tBuMe₂Si—) or TBDPS (tBuPh₂Si—).

Also preferred are compounds of the following formula:

where R¹ is a hydroxy protecting group.

Particularly preferred are compounds of formula 20 and 31:

In the above compounds, R¹ is suitably TBS (tBuMe₂Si—).

The present invention also provides a process for synthesis of a myriaporone compound of formula 5:

which may exist as a mixture of the ketone isomer and the hemiketal isomer, or as one of the two isomeric forms;

wherein the substituent groups defined by R are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and wherein at least one group R is hydrogen;

and wherein the group R′ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic groups;

which comprises removing a protecting group from an intermediate compound of formula:

wherein the substituent groups defined by R are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and wherein the or each group R to become hydrogen in the compound 5 is in the intermediate compound protecting group;

and wherein the group R′ is as defined.

Suitably, more than one group R in the intermediate compound is a protecting group.

A process of this invention can comprise removing at least one protecting group from a compound of formula 19:

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are hydroxy protecting groups.

A related process of this invention can comprise removing at least one protecting group from a compound of formula 30:

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are hydroxy protecting groups.

Suitably R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are the same protecting group and are removed.

Another process of this invention comprises removing a protecting group from a compound of formula 20:

where R¹ is a hydroxy protecting group.

A related process comprises removing a protecting group from a compound of formula 31:

where R¹ is a hydroxy protecting group.

The invention further provides a process for synthesis of a myriaporone compound of formula I:

wherein the substituent groups R and R″ are as defined above for the formula I; which comprises derivatisation of a compound of formula 5:

which may exist as a mixture of the ketone isomer and the hemiketal isomer, or as one of the two isomeric forms;

and wherein the substituent groups are as defined in claim 25.

The invention further provides compounds of the following formula

where R¹, R² and R⁴ are hydroxy protecting groups, and L is a stereospecific leaving group which induces chirality.

Preferred are compounds of formula 10 and 22:

The invention also provides compounds of the following formula:

wherein R¹, R², R⁴ and R⁶ are hydroxy protecting groups;

R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of H, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;

and R′ has the same meaning as defined in claim 1.

Preferred are compounds of formula 14 and 26:

The invention also provides a process for preparation of a compound of formula 14 which comprises chain extension of a compound of formula 13; a process for preparation of a compound of formula 26 which comprises chain extension of a compound of formula 25; a process for preparation of a compound of formula 19 which comprises chain extension of a compound of formula 18; and a process for preparation of a compound of formula 30 which comprises chain extension of a compound of formula 29.

The invention also provides compounds of the following formula:

wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are hydroxy protecting groups.

Preferred are compounds of formula 11 and 23:

The invention also provides compounds of the following formula:

wherein R¹, R² and R⁴ are hydroxy protecting groups.

Compounds of formula 8 are preferred:

The compounds of the present invention can be synthetically prepared from the intermediate compound 6 described by W. R. Roush et al., Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 95 or its stereoisomers.

A method of producing compounds of formula I is shown in the Scheme 1.

For the purpose of discussing this scheme, the carbons in each respective molecule are assigned with the appropriate number to their final position at the end product of formula I, using the numbering system given previously for the known compound 3/4. The scheme 1 involves:

-   -   protecting the compound 6 to give protected compound 7. This         protection is carried out with the related reagent of the         selected protecting group (such as TBSCl, TESOTf, MOMBr or         tBu₂Si(OTf)₂) in the conditions according to known procedures in         organic synthesis (for example: Imidazole, DIPEA or 2,6-lutidine         in DMF or CH₂Cl₂), alternative protecting groups are also         contemplated,     -   converting the terminal vinyl group at carbons 6 and 7 to an         aldehyde in compound 8. This conversion is carried out by         ozonolysis of the vinyl group (for example with O₃, in CH₂Cl₂ at         −78° C.) or by formation of the corresponding dihydroxy         derivative (for example with NMO, OsO₄ in THF:H₂O) and the diol         is cleavaged (for example with NaIO₄ in THF:H₂O) to the         corresponding aldehyde,     -   reaction with an oxazolidinone 9 to give compound 10. The         oxazolidinone 9 is converted into the corresponding enolate (for         example with Bu₂BOTf and Et₃N in CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C.) and added to         8 at low temperature (−30° C.) to give 10. Other stereospecific         leaving groups which induce the desired chirality are also         contemplated within the scope of protection of the invention.     -   reduction of compound 10 to obtain a 17-hydroxymethyl sidechain         in the compound 11. This reduction is carried out with the         corresponding reagent (such as LiBH₄) in the conditions (for         example in THF:H₂O or CH₂Cl₂) according to known procedures in         organic synthesis, although other reducing agents are also         contemplated within the scope of protection of the invention.     -   further protection at the 17-hydroxy group to give compound 12.         This protection is carried out with the related reagent of the         selected protecting group (such as TBSCl, TESCl, MEMCl or SMCl)         in the conditions according with known procedures in organic         synthesis (for example: imidazole, DIPEA, DMAP or Et₃N in DMF or         CH₂Cl₂), other protecting groups are also contemplated in the         invention,     -   converting the terminal vinyl group at carbons 4 and 5 to an         aldehyde in compound 13. This conversion is carried out by         ozonolysis of the vinyl group (for example O₃, in CH₂Cl₂ at −78°         C.) or by formation of the corresponding dihydroxy derivative         (for example NMO, OsO₄ in THF:H₂O) and the diol was cleavaged         (for example NaIO₄ in THF:H₂O or Pb(OAc)₄ in toluene) to the         corresponding aldehyde,     -   chain extension at carbon 5 to give compound 14. In the         illustrated example, the selected reagent (CH₃C(O)N(CH₃)OCH₃) is         converted into the corresponding enolate ([(CH₃)₃Si]₂NLi in THF         at −78° C.) and added to 13 at low temperature (−78° C.) to give         14, alternative procedures for chain extension known to the         person skilled in the art can also be used to achieve the same         purpose,     -   further protection at the 5-hydroxy group to give compound 15.         This protection is carried out with the related reagent of the         selected protecting group (such as TBSOTf) in the conditions         (2,6-lutidine in CH₂Cl₂) according to known procedures.         Alternative protecting groups can also be used,     -   oxidation of the hydroxy group at carbon 7 to afford         compound 16. This oxidation is carried out with the         corresponding reagent (such as Dess-Martin periodinane) in the         conditions according with known procedures in organic synthesis         (for example in CH₂Cl₂),     -   deprotection at the 13-protected hydroxy group to give         terminally deprotected compound 17. This deprotection is carried         out with the related reagent (for example DDQ) for the selected         protecting group (for example PMB) in the conditions according         with known procedures (for example in CH₂Cl₂:H₂O),     -   formation of a terminal olefin group by extension with carbons         14 and 15 to give compound 18. This transformation is performed         in two steps: a) oxidation of the primary hydroxy group into the         corresponding aldehyde with the selected reagent (for example         Dess-Martin periodinane) and b) formation of the cis double         bound through a Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emnmons reaction in         the standard conditions, alternative procedures for chain         extension known to the person skilled in the art can also be         used to achieve the same purpose,     -   formation, if not already present, of the 7-keto substituent of         compound 19. This oxidation is carried out with the         corresponding reagent (such as Dess-Martin periodinane) in the         conditions according with known procedures in organic synthesis         (for example in CH₂Cl₂),     -   chain extension with carbons 1 and 2 if not already present in         compound 19. This extension is carried out with the         corresponding reagent (such as BrMgEt) in the conditions         according with known procedures in organic synthesis (for         example in THF),     -   partial or complete deprotection to a compound 20 or 4/3. This         deprotection is carried out with the related reagent (such as         TBAF and AcOH) for the selected protecting group (for example         TBS) in the conditions according with known procedures (for         example in CH₂Cl₂),     -   and optional derivatisation to a derivative shown as compound         (I), where at least one R is not hydrogen, for example by         reaction with Ac₂O, an alkylcarboxylate chloride or anhydride in         the presence of the corresponding base (for example Et₃N) in any         suitable solvent such as CHCl₃.

Additionally, different isomericallyi synthetic myriaporones are prepared from the intermediate compound 8 by using a different stereospecific leaving group, for example by using (S)-oxazolidinone instead of (R)-oxazolidinone. The route for producing these compounds is depicted in Scheme 2.

The reaction scheme 2 involves the same reactions as those of scheme I, with a different stereochemistry in the oxazolidinone 9.

A purpose of the invention is to provide a first total synthesis of myriaporones 3 and 4 and from these compounds or previous intermediates obtain other compounds of formula I. The synthesis should preferably make it possible to obtain the largest possible quantities of myriaporones 3 and 4 by simple ways and means. The synthesis should also allow the preparation of the largest possible number of specific derivatives of myriaporones 3 and 4. In addition, the synthesis should preferably proceed stereoselectively, so that four diastereoisomers of myriaporones 3 and 4 can be obtained in pure form. A further purpose of the invention is to provide the kind of total synthesis intermediates that will make the synthesis as flexible as possible and thus enable the preparation of a large number of derivatives.

In the previous reaction schemes, the hydroxy protecting groups R¹, R², R⁴, R⁶, and R⁷ may be any of the examples of hydroxy protecting groups reported in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, T. W. Greene, P. G. Wuts, Ed. Wiley-Interscience, 3^(rd) Edition. Examples of hydroxy protecting groups are given in the following list:

protection for —OH group abbreviation ethers methyl methoxymethyl MOM benzyloxymethyl BOM methoxyethoxymethyl MEM 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl SEM methylthiomethyl MTM phenylthiomethyl PTM azidomethyl cyanomethyl 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl 2-chloroethyl 2-bromoethyl tetrahydropyranyl THP 1-ethoxyethyl EE phenacyl 4-bromophenacyl cyclopropylmethyl allyl propargyl isopropyl cyclohexyl t-butyl benzyl 2,6-dimethylbenzyl 4-methoxybenzyl MPM or PMB o-nitrobenzyl 2,6-dichlorobenzyl 3,4-dichlorobenzyl 4-(dimethylamino)carbonylbenzyl 4-methylsuflinylbenzyl Msib 9-anthrylmethyl 4-picolyl heptafluoro-p-tolyl tetrafluoro-4-pyridyl trimethylsilyl TMS t-butyldimethylsilyl TBDMS t-butyldiphenylsilyl TBDPS triisopropylsilyl TIPS esters aryl formate aryl acetate aryl levulinate aryl pivaloate ArOPv aryl benzoate aryl 9-fluorocarboxylate aryl methyl carbonate 1-adamantyl carbonate t-butyl carbonate BOC-OAr 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl carbonate Msz-Oar 2,4-dimethylpent-3-yl carbonate Doc-Oar aryl 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate aryl vinyl carbonate aryl benzyl carbonate aryl carbamate dimethylphosphinyl Dmp-OAr dimethylphosphinothioyl Mpt-OAr diphenylphosphinothioyl Dpt-Oar aryl methanesulfonate aryl toluenesulfonate aryl 2-formylbenzenesulfonate

Preferred R², R⁴, R⁶ and R⁷ are TBS (tBuMe₂Si—), TBDPS (tBuPh₂Si—), TES (Et₃Si—), MOM (CH₃OCH₂—), MEM (CH₃OCH₂CH₂OCH₂—), SEM ((CH₃)₃SiCH₂CH₂OCH₂—) and Ac—, and more preferred are TBS and TBDPS. It is also preferred that R², R⁴, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same protecting group. Preferred R¹ is PMB (p-MeO-Ph-CH₂—). The protecting and deprotecting reactions presented in previous reaction schemes are performed according to the state of the art.

The group R³ shown in the schemes is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, ═O, OR′, OSiR′, OSOR′, OSO₂R′, OCOR′, OCOOR′, CONR′, NHR′ and NR′R′. R′ has the same meaning as defined in formula I. Preferred R³ is a hydroxy or ═O.

The group shown as R⁵ in the schemes is selected from the group consisting of H, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl. And R′ has the same meaning as defined in formula I. Preferred R⁵ is C₁-C₆ and more preferred is ethyl.

The identity of compounds 9 and 21 can be changed obtaining for other ways compounds 11 and 23 from compound 8, according to the state of the art.

The relative stereochemistry at C-8-C-12 of compounds 3 and 4 was assumed as the same as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,708, 1996 on the basis of coupling constant comparisons cited there. Besides, the stereochemistry of the starting material 6 written above was already indicated by W. R. Roush et al., Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 95.

To support this information, the stereochemistry of these carbons was assigned on the basis of NOESY and COSY studies of the intramolecular epoxide opened product 33 which was prepared from 11a in two steps (Scheme 3).

The absolute configuration of C-8 to C-12 has been readily identified by NOE experiments. A syn relative stereochemistry at C-11-C-12 was deduced from the coupling constant (J=1.5 Hz). A NOE signal between H-11 and H-14 indicates both must be in axial position.

An anti relative stereochemistry at C-6-C-7 was deduced from the small value of the coupling constant of the acetonide 34 prepared from compound 11a (Scheme 4).

Finally, the stereochemistry of compounds 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b at C-5 was assigned by conversion of the 1,3 diol of 15a and 15b to the 1,3-syn and anti acetonides respectively (scheme 5).

The stereochemistry of syn- and anti-1,3-diol acetonides was assigned according to S. D. Rychnovsky et al., J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 3511-3515, from the ¹³C chemical shifts of the acetal methyl groups. In general, the syn-1,3-diol acetonides have acetal methyl shifts at 19 and 30 ppm respectively, while the anti-acetonides have both methyl shifts at about 25 ppm. Indeed, we have tested the reability of this method since the ¹³C NMR spectrum of the syn-acetonide 35b shows an axial methyl group at ca 20.2 ppm and an equatorial methyl group at ca. 30.0 ppm, whereas the ¹³C spectrum of the anti-acetonide 35a shows both methyl groups at 24.4 and 25.2 ppm.

Unfortunately, it could not be possible to determine the stereochemistry of 3c, 3d, 4c and 4d by preparing the acetonides of 26a and 26b since these compounds could not be separate by conventional methods. In these cases, the configuration at C-5 position was established by conversion of 11a into the 1,3-diols 38a and 38b which can be easily separated. After several reactions, these compounds are leaded to the known intermediates 27c and 27d respectively. The stereochemistry of these compounds was determined from the ¹³C chemical shifts of the corresponding acetonides 36a (δ=24.1, 25.0 ppm) and 36b (δ=19.7, 29.9 ppm) (scheme 6).

The relative stereochemistry for H-5 and H-6 at myriaporones 3 and 4 was concluded by studying the coupling constants between the protons on the six-membered rings hemiketal monoprotected myriaporones 20 and 31 (scheme 7).

For 20a and 31b, H-4 at δ 1.73 and 1.58 ppm respectively, both with coupling constants of 14.5, 3.5 Hz was assigned to be axial. The others H-4 with upfield chemical shift at δ 2.02 and 2.03 ppm for each compound, have coupling constants of 14.0, 3.5 Hz and 14.5, 3.5 Hz, respectively. These value indicate the proton H-5 should be equatorial.

Similarly, the coupling constants between H-5 and H-6 are, in both cases, around 2 Hz, indicating again that H-5 should be equatorial. Thus, the relative stereochemistry for H-5 and H-6 is concluded to be syn.

On the other hand, the ¹H NMR spectra of compounds 20b and 31a are different from compounds 20a and 31b in coupling constants and, primarily, in the chemical shift. For these compounds, the coupling constants between H-4 (ax) and H-5 are around 12, 13 Hz, indicating H-5 should be in axial.

In addition, the coupling constants between H-5 and H-6 are in concordance with the fact that H-6 is placed in axial to minimize interaction and therefore, the relative stereochemistry for H-5 and H-6 is concluded to be anti.

The stereochemistry at C-3 in the hemiketal compounds could not be assigned by NOE experiments. In the scheme 7, the hemiketal hydroxy group at C3 was arbitrarily placed equatorial.

Another especially preferred embodiment of the present invention is pharmaceutical compositions useful as antitumor agents which contain as active ingredient a compound or compounds of the invention, as well as the processes for their preparation.

An important feature of the above described compounds of formula I is their bioactivity and in particular their cytotoxic activity. With this invention we provide novel pharmaceutical compositions of compounds of general formula I that possess cytotoxic activity, and their use as antitumor agents. Thus the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of this invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, prodrugs or stereoisomers thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Examples of pharmaceutical compositions include any solid (tablets, pills, capsules, granules etc.) or liquid (solutions, suspensions or emulsions) with suitable composition for oral, topical or parenteral administration.

Administration of the compounds or compositions of the present invention may be any suitable method, such as intravenous infusion, oral preparation, intraperitoneal and intravenous preparation. We prefer that infusion times of up to 24 hours are used, more preferably 2-12 hours, with 2-6 hours most preferred. Short infusion times which allow treatment to be carried out without an overnight stay in hospital are especially desirable. However, infusion may be 12 to 24 hours or even longer if required. Infusion may be carried out at suitable intervals of say 1 to 4 weeks. Pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention may be delivered by liposome or nanosphere encapsulation, in sustained release formulations or by other standard delivery means.

The correct dosage of the compounds will vary according to the particular formulation, the mode of application, and the particular situs, host and tumour being treated. Other factors like age, body weight, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, condition of the host, drug combinations, reaction sensitivities and severity of the disease shall be taken into account. Administration can be carried out continuously or periodically within the maximum tolerated dose.

The compounds and compositions of this invention may be used with other drugs to provide a combination therapy. The other drugs may form part of the same composition, or be provided as a separate composition for administration at the same time or a different time.

Antitumoral activities of these compounds include among others leukaemias, lung cancer, colon cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, pancreas cancer, cervix cancer, sarcomas and melanomas.

The present invention will be further explained with the following examples which are not limiting. As can be seen, this methodology allows for the synthesis of myriaporone compounds with the desired stereospecificity.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Compound 7a

To a solution of 6 (3.51 g, 7.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added imidazole (1.59 g, 23.4 mmol) and TBSCl (1.76 g, 11.7 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. HCl 0.1 N was added until pH=4-5, and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 7a (3.44 g, 78%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.83 (m, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J=10.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (dd, J=17.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 3.33 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (m, 1H), 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.1, 136.2, 130.3, 129.1, 117.1, 113.7, 72.9, 72.6, 64.9, 64.6, 63.9, 55.2, 51.3, 33.1, 25.9, 25.8, 18.2, 18.1, 14.9, 13.3, −4.2, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5. MS (ESI) m/z: 587 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−9.5 (c 0.52, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.61 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 2 Compound 7b

Compound 7b was prepared as a colourless oil, in the same way as 7b from the corresponding precursor of 6, according to the procedure described by W. Roush et al., Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 95) by using TESOTf instead of TBSOTf in equivalent amounts for the secondary alcohol protection step.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.92-5.80 (m, 1H), 5.02 (dd, J=10.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (dd, J=17.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.42 (m, 3H), 3.38-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.71-0.62 (m, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.1, 136.4, 130.2, 129.0, 116.8, 113.6, 76.9, 72.8, 72.6, 64.7, 64.6, 63.8, 55.0, 51.1, 33.2, 25.7, 18.0, 14.8, 13.1, 6.9, 4.8, −5.3, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 587 (M+23)⁺, 565 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.62 (Hexane:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 3 Compound 7c

To a solution of 6 (450 mg, 1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added DIPEA (1.74 mL, 10 mmol) and MOMBr (0.45 mL, 5 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 4 h. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 7c (250 mg, 51%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.90-5.78 (m, 1H), 5.04 (dd, J=10.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (dd, J=17.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 2.52 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.40 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.4, 136.4, 130.6, 129.4, 117.6, 114.0, 96.8, 78.2, 73.1, 72.7, 69.0, 64.8, 64.7, 55.6, 55.5, 49.2, 33.4, 26.2, 18.5, 15.2, 13.5, −3.9, −5.3.

R_(f)=0.52 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 4 Compound 7d

To a solution of the corresponding diol (581 mg, 1.73 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (0.61 g, 5.2 mmol) and t-Bu₂Si(OTf)₂ (9.48 mL, 2.6 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 7d (330 mg, 40%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) d 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.40 (ddd, J=17.1, 9.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (dd, J=10.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (dd, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 4.35 (dd J=11.1, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=11.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.34 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.72 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.41-2.37 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 1.05 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.4, 136.9, 130.7, 129.2, 116.9, 114.0, 79.6, 73.1, 72.8, 70.4, 63.7, 62.3, 55.5, 47.0, 33.3, 28.6, 27.7, 23.5, 21.0, 15.1.

MS (ESI) m/z: 499 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.41 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 5 Compound 8a

Over a solution of 7a (21.94 g, 38.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) was bubbled a current of O₃ during 50 min at −78° C. Then, Ph₃P (30.45 g, 116.1 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and the stirring was continued for 12h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to afford compound 8a (15.82 g, 72%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.67 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 3.84 (dd, J=10.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.69 (m, 2H), 3.41 (dd, J=9.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (s, 18H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 203.8, 159.5, 130.3, 129.4, 114.0, 76.5, 73.2, 73.0, 65.1, 64.0, 60.1, 57.9, 55.4, 33.6, 26.0, 26.0, 18.3, 15.0, 13.0, −4.0, −5.2, −5.3, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 589 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−11.6 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.59 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 6 Compound 8b

To a solution of 7b (0.86 g, 1.52 mmol) in THF:H₂O (10:1, 22 mL) was added NMO (0.623 g, 5.32 mmol) and OsO₄ (4.56 mL, 0.456 mmol, 0.1 M in ^(t)BuOH) at 23° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. overnight. Florisil (6 g), NaHSO₃ (6 g), and EtOAc (100 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred vigorously during 30 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated to provide the corresponding diol. To a solution of this diol in THF (10 mL) was added a solution of NaIO₄ (1.95 g, 9.12 mmol) in H₂O (8 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by addition of a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (20 mL) and then, extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to afford compound 8b (0.67 g, 78%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.68 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (dd, J=10.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.74 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=10.2, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J=9.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.40 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.62 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 0.01, (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 203.4, 159.1, 129.9, 129.0, 113.6, 75.9, 72.8, 72.6, 64.9, 63.5, 59.7, 57.4, 55.0, 33.3, 25.6, 17.9, 14.6, 12.5, 6.7, 4.6, −5.5, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 589 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.54 (Hexane:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 7 Compound 9

Compound 9 was prepared following the procedure described by D. A. Evans et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4261-4263.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.20 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 1.91 (dd, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 8 Compound 10a

To a solution of 9 (17.75 g, 0.09 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (270 mL) was added Bu₂BOTf (99 mL, 1M in CH₂Cl₂, 0.099 mol) and Et₃N (17.56 mL, 0.126 mol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at −78° C., 15 min at 0° C. and recooled at −78° C. This solution was added in three portion in 5 h over a solution of 8a (17.18 g, 0.03 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at 0° C. and the mixture was stirred at −30° C. for an additional 12 h. Then, saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (300 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 400 mL of ether, 200 mL of buffer solution and 200 mL of H₂O₂ and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Then, the reaction was extracted and the organic phase was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (200 mL) and brine (200 mL). The organic layer were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 10:1 to 2:1) to afford compound 10a (21 g, 92%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.93 (m, 1H), 5.41 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dddd, J=9.3, 6.3, 5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (s, 3H), 4.34 (m, 1H), 4.12 (m, 2H), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.73 (m, 2H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 2.58 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.84 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.80 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.0, 159.0, 153.3, 135.3, 129.9, 128.6, 113.7, 77.4, 72.6, 71.0, 64.0, 63.4, 62.6, 59.8, 58.4, 58.0, 55.2, 51.2, 45.2, 40.1, 33.6, 26.7, 28.3, 27.8, 26.1, 25.8, 18.3, 17.9, 15.1, 14.6, 14.3, 13.1, −4.4, −5.4, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 786 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+3.1 (c 0.53, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.35 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 9 Compound 10b

The title compound was prepared as described above from 8b (1.2 g, 2.11 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂,) provided 10b (1.16 g, 80%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.85-6.03 (m, 1H), 5.19-5.44 (m, 2H), 4.93 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.19-4.36 (m, 4H), 4.05-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.40-3.46 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.28-1.38 (m, 6H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.88-0.99 (m, 6H), 0.62-0.68 (m, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.42 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 10 Compound 11a

To a solution of 10a (14.5 g, 18.9 mmol) in THF:H₂O (5:1, 120 mL), LiBH₄ (141.9 mL, 2.0 M in THF, 283.7 mmol,) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred 30 min at 0° C. and 6 h at 23° C. Saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (150 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 400 mL of ether, 200 mL of buffer solution and 200 mL of H₂O₂ and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then, the reaction was extracted and the organic phase was washed with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (2×200 mL). The organic layer were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc 5:1) to afford compound 11a (10.5 g, 87%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.84 (m, 1H), 5.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.36 (m, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.80 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.5, 137.6, 130.3, 129.4, 118.3, 114.0, 73.2, 73.0, 71.2, 64.9, 64.4, 60.4, 55.5, 51.1, 47.0, 33.5, 29.9, 26.4, 26.3, 26.0, 18.4, 18.2, 15.0, 14.0, −4.2, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 662 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+0.7 (c 0.54, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.2 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 11 Compound 11b

The title compound was prepared as described above from 10b (1.53 g, 2 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂,) provided 11b (1 g, 80%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.92-5.80 (m, 1H), 5.92-5.80 (m, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=10.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (dd, J=17.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.19-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=6.0, 1.5, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.72 (dd, J=6.3, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (d, J=3.6, 1H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.33 (m, 2H), 2.53 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.22 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.67 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.2, 137.4, 130.1, 129.1, 118.0, 113.7, 77.4, 72.9, 72.7, 71.1, 64.9, 64.3, 64.2, 60.2, 55.2, 51.0, 46.6, 33.3, 25.7, 17.9, 14.8, 13.5, 6.8, 4.7, −5.3, −5.5.

Rf=0.18 (Hex:EtOAc 4:1).

Example 12 Compound 12a

To a solution of 11a (7.43 g, 11.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was added imidazole (3.16 g, 46.4 mmol) and TBSCl (3.48 g, 23.2 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 4 h. 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 10:1 to 4:1) to obtain compound 12a (8.47 g, 97%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.86 (m, 1H), 5.07 (m, 2H), 4.41 (m, 2H), 4.29 (br s, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.62 (m, 2H), 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.34 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 2H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.4, 138.0, 130.5, 129.2, 117.1, 114.0, 77.4, 73.1, 72.8, 69.4, 65.0, 64.8, 64.5, 60.7, 55.4, 51.9, 46.9, 33.7, 29.9, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 18.6, 18.5, 18.1, 15.1, 13.5, −4.3, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 775 (M+23)⁺, 753 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+3.0 (c 0.54, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.66 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 13 Compound 12b

To a solution of 12a (500 mg, 0.663 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (562 mg, 1.32 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Then, saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 12b (414 mg, 83%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.78 (m, 1H), 5.23 (m, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=16.2, 11.4, 2H), 4.02 (dd, J=10.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.74 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.33 (m, 3H), 2.48 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03, (s, 3H), 0.02, (s, 3H), −0.01, (s, 3H), −0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.2, 159.1, 134.3, 130.2, 129.0, 119.3, 113.7, 77.5, 72.7, 72.2, 64.3, 63.0, 62.3, 62.2, 61.1, 55.9, 55.2, 33.6, 29.7, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 18.2, 18.1, 15.0, 12.2, −4.5, −5.2, −5.3, −5.4, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 773 (M+23)⁺.

Example 14 Compound 12c

To a solution of 12a (1.5 g, 1.99 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) was added Et₃N (5.55 mL, 39.82 mmol), DMAP (24 mg, 0.119 mmol) and Ac₂O (1.88 mL, 19.91 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 12 h. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with HCl 0.1 N, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 12c (1.12 g, 71%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.66 (m, 1H), 5.48 (m, 2H), 5.09 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.34 (m, 4H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.77 (m, 1H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 169.8, 159.4, 136.7, 130.6, 129.3, 118.3, 114.0, 76.9, 73.0, 72.6, 70.6, 64.4, 59.9, 55.4, 52.5, 47.1, 33.4, 26.3, 26.1, 26.1, 21.4, 18.6, 18.3, 15.2, 13.3, −4.1, −4.9, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2, −5.2.

MS (ESI)m/z: 817 (M+23)⁺, 812 (M+18)⁺.

R_(f)=0.63 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 15 Compound 12d

To a solution of 12a (215 mg, 0.285 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added Py (0.46 mL, 5.7 mmol), DMAP (53 mg, 0.427 mmol) and (CF₃CO)₂O (0.40 mL, 2.85 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 12 h. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (7 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with HCl 0.1N (2×4 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 18:1) to obtain compound 12d (221 mg, 91%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (m, 1H), 5.65 (m, 1H), 5.09 (m, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.47 (m, 8H), 2.78 (m, 1H), 2.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (m, 1H), 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 18H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.2, 156.0 (d, J_(C-F)=41.0 Hz), 134.6, 130.2, 129.1, 119.4, 113.8, 76.0, 75.4, 72.9, 72.7, 64.3, 64.0, 63.8, 59.3, 55.2, 51.6, 46.2, 33.1, 26.1, 25.9, 18.3, 18.0, 14.8, 14.1, 13.2, −4.5, −5.0, −5.4, −5.5, −5.6, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 866 (M+18)⁺.

R_(f)=0.45 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 16 Compound 12e

The title compound was prepared as described above in example 12, starting from 11b (0.7 g, 1.09 mmol). Chromatography (SiO₂, Hex:EtOAc, 15:1) provided 12e (661 g, 80%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.95-5.82 (m, 1H), 5.13-5.03 (m, 2H), 4.41 (dd, J=15.6, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.3, 04.26 (m 1H), 3.86 (dd, J=13.8, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.74 (dd, J=10.5, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J=9.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.32-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.79 (m 1H), 1.74-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.68 (q, 7.2, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 6H), 0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 158.9, 137.6, 130.0, 128.8, 116.6, 113.5, 77.0, 72.6, 72.4, 69.1, 64.7, 64.6, 64.0, 60.2, 54.9, 51.3 46.2, 33.3, 25.7, 25.6, 18.0, 17.7, 14.7, 12.9, 6.7, 4.5, −5.5, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 775 (M+23)⁺, 773 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.6 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 17 Compound 12f

To a solution of 11a (500 mg, 0.78 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added DIPEA (327 μL, 1.87 mmol) and MEMCl (107 μL, 0.94 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 14 h. Then, the reaction was extracted with HCl 0.1N (10 mL) and the organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc 10:1) to obtain compound 12f (445 mg, 78%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 z, 2H), 5.92-5.79 (m, 1H), 5.16-5.09 (m, 2H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=15.3, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.23-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J=10.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.57-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.49-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.37 (3, 3H), 2.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 749 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.25 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 18 Compound 12 g

To a solution of 12f (438 mg, 0.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added Et₃N (1.67 mL, 12 mmol), DMAP (74 mg, 0.6 mmol) and Ac₂O (567 μL, 6 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 12 h. Then, the reaction was extracted with HCl 0.1N (10 mL) and the organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc 7:1) to obtain compound 12 g (343 mg, 74%) as a colourless oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.74 (dt, J=19.8, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.52-5.49 (m, 1H), 5.13-5.07 (m, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=13.5, 12.0 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.38 (s, 3H), 3.28 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 2.81-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.56 (bs, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 791 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.26 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 19 Compound 12h

To a solution of 11a (75 mg, 0.117 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added DIPEA (82 μL, 0.47 mmol) and TESCl (40 μL, 0.234 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Then, 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 12:1) to obtain compound 12h (77 mg, 87%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.94-5.82 (m, 1H), 5.11 (dd, J=9.9, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=16.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J=17.1, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.33-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.87 (dd, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J=9.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.30-2.25 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.93-0.90 (r, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.57 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 775 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.58 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 20 Compound 12i

To a solution of 11a (128 mg, 0.2 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added DIPEA (104 μL, 0.6 mmol), DMAP (2 mg, 0.02 mmol) and SEMCl (53 μL, 0.3 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 6 h. Then, 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 12i (142 mg, 92%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.79-5.88 (m, 1H), 5.10-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=15.9, 11.5 Hz, 2H), 4.17-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.36 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.45 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 9H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3): δ 159.4, 137.8, 130.4, 129.3, 117.4, 114.0, 95.2, 73.1, 72.8, 70.3, 69.4, 65.3, 64.8, 64.2, 60.6, 55.4, 49.2, 47.0, 33.8, 29.9, 26.3, 26.0, 18.5, 18.3, 18.1, 15.1, 13.7, −1.2, −4.2, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 792 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.56 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 21 Compound 12j

To a solution of 11a (600 mg, 0.93 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added Et₃N (2.61 mL, 18.76 mmol), DMAP (115 mg, 0.93 mmol) and Ac₂O (887 μL, 9.39 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Then, 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 10:1 to 5:1) to obtain compound 12j (592 mg, 87%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.72-5.60 (m, 1H), 5.53-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.16-5.07 (m, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.03 (dd, J=11.1, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=11.1, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.58 (dd, J=10.2, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=10.2, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.34 (m, 3H), 2.88-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.95-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 745 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.34 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 22 Compound 12k

To a solution of crude 12e (545 mg, 0.73 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (8:0.4 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (329 mg, 1.45 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 45 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (70 mg, 1.9 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 2 h and then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain 12k (300 mg, 65%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.88-5.80 (m, 1H), 5.15-5.09 (m, 2H), 4.18.4.17 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J=10.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.56 (m, 3H), 3.50-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.33 (d, J=3.9, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.67 (q, J=8.4 Hz, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 655 (M+23)⁺, 633 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.38 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 23 Compound 12l

To a solution of 12e (100 mg, 0.13 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (113 mg, 0.26 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 2 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to obtain 12l (110 mg, 96%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.78 (ddd, J=16.8, 10.2, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.22 (m, 2H), 4.43 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (dd, J=10.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.45-3.30 (m, 5H), 2.50 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.63 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.9, 159.1, 134.3, 130.2, 129.0, 119.3, 113.7, 78.0, 72.3, 72.1, 64.8, 63.0, 62.6, 62.3, 61.1, 56.1, 55.2, 33.6, 29.7, 25.9, 25.8, 18.2, 18.1, 15.1, 11.9, 6.8, 4.6, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 773 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.57 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 24 Compound 12m

To a solution of 12k (280 mg, 0.44 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added E₃N (368 μL, 2.64 mmol), DMAP (5 mg, 0.04 mmol) and Ac₂O, (125 μL, 1.32 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1 h. Then, 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 15:1) to obtain compound 12m (258 mg, 87%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.90 (ddd, J=17.1, 10.8, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.16-5.09 (m, 2H), 4.32-4.28 (m, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=11.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.70-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J=9.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.08, (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.40-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.69 (q, J=8.1 Hz, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.66 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 25 Compound 12n

To a solution of 11a (110 mg, 0.17 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added PhB(OH)₂ (33 mg, 0.26 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1 h. Then, the solution was filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 20:1 to 10:1) to obtain compound 12n (94 mg, 75%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.81 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.65-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.42 (m, 2H), 7.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2 Hz), 5.88 (ddd, J=18.9, 10.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.23-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.54 (dd, J=6.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (dd, J=18.0, 11.1 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (dd, J=11.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (brd, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J=10.2, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J=10.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.87 (brd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.46 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 26 Compound 12o

The title compound was obtained as precursor of 11a in the reduction reaction of 10a before the treatment with H₂O₂. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.87-5.79 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.38 (dd, J=10.8 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (dd J=6.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J=10.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.69 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J=9.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.67 (brd, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.81-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.1, 134.0, 130.2, 129.1, 118.4, 113.7, 76.2, 72.9, 70.0, 67.1, 64.8, 59.5, 55.2, 45.7, 43.9, 33.4, 26.4, 26.0, 25.9, 25.5, 18.2, 14.9, 14.0, 13.3, −4.3, −4.9, −5.3, −5.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 661 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.50 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 27 Compound 12p

To a solution of 11a (119 mg, 0.18 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added CDI (49 mg, 0.3 mmol) and NaH (8 mg, 0.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 5:1) to obtain 12 p (97 mg, 78%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.79-5.70 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.26 (m, 2H), 4.67 (dd, J=7.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J=10.5, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (q, J=10.2 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (dd, J=16.2, 15.3 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.54 (dd, J=10.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=9.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 6H), 0.05 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.8, 159.4, 154.1, 130.5, 129.4, 114.0, 99.3, 76.5, 73.0, 72.6, 68.0, 66.0, 64.7, 64.6, 63.6, 61.2, 59.5, 58.8, 55.4, 44.5, 42.1, 41.6, 33.7, 29.7, 28.8, 26.3, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 19.0, 18.6, 18.3, 18.2, 15.2, 14.9, 13.7, −4.1, −4.2, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 687 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.47 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 28 Compound 12q

The title compound was obtained as precursor of 11 b in the reduction reaction of 10 b before the treatment with H₂O₂. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.16 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.86-5.74 (m, 1H), 5.20-5.15 (m, 2H), 4.40-4.34 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.15 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.66 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=9.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.87 (br d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.18 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.91-0.85 (m, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.60 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.65 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 29 Compound 13a

Over a solution of 12a (5.91 g, 7.85 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) was bubbled a current of O₃ during 15 min at −78° C. Then, Ph₃P (6.29 g, 24 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and the stirring was continued for 12 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to afford compound 13a (4.99 g, 84%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.80 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.66 (m, 1H), 0.439 (s, 2H), 3.84 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.68 (m, 2H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.37 (m, 2H), 2.58 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.3, 159.2, 130.0, 129.0, 113.7, 76.4, 72.8, 72.7, 67.9, 64.6, 63.9, 60.8, 60.1, 57.7, 55.1, 44.4, 33.5, 26.1, 25.7, 18.3, 18.1, 17.8, 14.8, 12.9, −4.6, −5.3, −5.5, −5.5, −5.7, −5.7.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+2.3 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.46 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 30 Compound 13b

To a solution of 12c (2.25 g, 2.84 mmol) in THF:H₂O (70:30, 105 mL) was added NMO (1.16 g, 9.94 mmol) and OsO₄ (5.68 mL, 0.568 mmol, 0.1 M in ^(t)BuOH) at 23° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. overnight. Florisil (16 g), NaHSO₃ (16 g), and EtOAc (160 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred vigorously during 30 min. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated to provide the corresponding diol. This diol was dissolved in anhydrous Toluene (50 mL) and Pb(OAc)₄ (1.57 g, 3.55 mmol) was added at 0° C., stirred for 30 min, filtered through a pad of Celite, washed with EtOAc and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to afford compound 13b (0.97 g, 43%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.61 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.56 (dd, J=10.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.38 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.49 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.79 (m, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 203.3, 170.1, 159.4, 130.4, 129.3, 114.0, 76.6, 73.1, 72.7, 69.1, 64.4, 63.9, 61.3, 60.0, 58.4, 55.4, 46.4, 33.4, 29.9, 26.4, 26.1, 26.0, 21.2, 18.6, 18.4, 18.3, 15.1, 12.8, −4.1, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2, −5.3, −5.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 819 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.47 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 31 Compound 13c

To a solution of 13a (90 mg, 0.12 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added Py (0.19 mL, 2.4 mmol), DMAP (22 mg, 0.18 mmol) and (CF₃CO)₂O (0.17 mL, 1.2 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 13c which was used in subsequent steps with no further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.63 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.75-5.79 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.42 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.48 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.38 (m, 3H), 3.08-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.21-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.70 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 32 Compound 13d

Following the procedure described in example 29, 12h (1 g, 1.32 mol) was converted to 13d (715 mg, 72%, colourless oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.81 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.70-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.89-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.75-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.64 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.38-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.46 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.94-087 (m, 9H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.55 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 6H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 777 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.5 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 33 Compound 13e

Following the procedure described in example 29, 12j (590 mg, 0.81 mol) was converted to 13e (420 mg, 71%, pale yellow oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.58 (d, J=20.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (dd, J=5.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.30-4.23 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.50 (dd, J=6.9, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.30 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.25-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.44 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.15-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.93 (s, 3H), 1.92 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.26 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 34 Compound 13f

Following the procedure described in example 29, 12 g (342 mg, 0.44 mol) was converted to 13f (306 mg, 90%, pale yellow oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 0:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.64 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.64 (dd, J=6.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.86 (dd, J=9.9, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.74 (dd, J=10.2, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.50 (m, 4H), 3.85-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.37 (s, 3H), 3.21 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 793 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.1 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 35 Compound 13 g

Following the procedure described in example 29, 12 m (200 mg, 0.3 mmol) was converted to 13 g (173 mg, 86%, pale yellow oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc, 15:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.84 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J=11.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.84 (m, 3H), 3.81 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (d. J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.26 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.85-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.68 (q, J=8.1 Hz, 6H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 699 (M+23)⁺, 677 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.52 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 36 Compounds 14a and 14b

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (0.8 mL g, 7.56 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at −78° C. was added bis-(trimethylsilyl)-lithiumamide (7.56 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 7.56 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. Then, a solution of 13a (1.61 g, 2.13 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added over the previous solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h at −78° C. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (50 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 2:1) to yield 14a and 14b (25:75) as colourless oils (1.67 g, in a combined 91% of yield).

14a: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.46-4.43 (m, 1H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.33 (m, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.57 (m, 3H), 3.41-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.0-2.91 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.02-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 18H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.8, 159.4, 130.3, 129.3, 114.0, 76.3, 73.0, 72.6, 70.4, 70.1, 64.8, 64.0, 61.9, 61.4, 60.6, 55.4, 47.9, 44.4, 36.9, 34.0, 32.1, 29.9, 26.5, 26.4, 26.1, 26.0, 18.6, 18.3, 18.0, 15.3, 12.8, −4.3, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2, −5.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 858 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−10.7 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

14b: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.52-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.45 (s, 3H), 4.37 (s, 2H), 4.28-4.23 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 3H), 3.48-3.43 (dd, J=10.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.84-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.94-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.8, 159.4, 130.3, 129.2, 113.9, 76.4, 73.0, 72.8, 69.2, 68.5, 64.9, 64.1, 61.4, 60.8, 60.1, 55.4, 47.8, 43.7, 34.1, 26.5, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 18.7, 18.2, 17.9, 15.2, 12.7, −4.6, 4.9, −5.0, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 880 (M+23)⁺, 858 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+12.8 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f) 0.44 (Hex:EtOAc, 2:1).

Example 37 Compounds 14c and 14d

To a solution of benzyl acetate (38 μL, 0.53 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (264 μL, 1.0 M in THF, 0.264 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. Then, a solution of 13a (150 mg, 0.17 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added over the previous solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 h at −78° C. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (30 mL) was added and the crude reaction was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 20:1 to 5:1) to yield 14c (34 mg, 20%) and 14d (77 mg, 44%) as colourless oils.

14c: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28-7.39 (m, 5H), 7.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 5.17 (s, 2H), 4.58-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 3.58-3.82 (m, 4H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 3.28-3.41 (m, 3H), 2.60 (dd, J=15.0 and 9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (dd, J=153, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.76-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.59-1.62 (m, 1H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.33 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

14d: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.32-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.43-4.48 (m, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 4.32-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.23 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.75-3.98 (m, 3H), 3.42-3.64 (m, 3H), 3.39 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.79 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.25 (s, H), 1.05 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.82-0.92 (m, 6H), 0.49-0.60 (m, 12H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 927 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.30 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 38 Compound 15a

To a solution of 14a (1.09 g, 1.26 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (443 μL, 3.8 mmol) and TBSOTf (437 μL, 1.9 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 40 min. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (30 mL) was added, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 20:1 to 4:1) to obtain compound 15a (1.05 g, 85%) as a pale yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.87-4.83 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.37 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.86 (dd, J=10.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=10.2, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (dd, J=9.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.35-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.11-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 6H), 0.1 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.4, 159.4, 130.4, 129.4, 114.0, 76.0, 72.9, 72.4, 69.5, 68.8, 64.6, 64.1, 61.4, 61.0, 59.3, 55.4, 50.1, 43.6, 34.3, 29.9, 26.5, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 18.7, 18.3, 17.9, 15.4, 12.7, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, −4.9, −5.0, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 994 (M+23)⁺, 972 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−20.0 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.43 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1)

Example 39 Compound 15b

Following the procedure described in example 38, 14b (2.18 g, 2.52 mmol) was converted to 15b (2.02 g, 82%, white solid) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc 10:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.85-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.30 (m, 3H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.75-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.61 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (dd, J=15.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.77-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 3H), 0.88 (s, 18H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13, (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.3, 159.4, 130.4, 129.4, 114.0, 76.0, 72.9, 69.5, 68.8, 64.6, 64.1, 61.3, 61.1, 59.3, 55.4, 50.1, 43.5, 34.3, 29.9, 26.5, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 18.7, 18.3, 18.2, 17.9, 15.4, 12.7, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, 4.9, −5.0.

MS (ESI) m/z: 994 (4+23)⁺, 972 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+23.1 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.37 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 40 Compound 16a

To a solution of 15a (184 mg, 0.189 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (325 mg, 0.76 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain 16a (150 mg, 81%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.72-4.67 (m, 1H), 4.43 (q, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.66 (m, 3H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.32-3.26 (m, 3H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.72 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (brd, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.59-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 18H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 6H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 210.7, 172.1, 159.1, 130.3, 129.0, 113.7, 75.9, 72.6, 72.1, 68.1, 63.7, 63.3, 61.4, 61.1, 60.1, 59.9, 57.6, 55.1, 37.2, 33.8, 29.7, 26.1, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 18.2, 18.1, 18.0, 15.2, 13.2, −4.3, −4.5, −4.7, −4.9, −5.2, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 993 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−20.3 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.40 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 41 Compound 16b

To a solution of 15b (725 mg, 0.745 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.26 g, 2.98 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 2 h. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue (720 mg) was used in the next reaction without further purification.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.68-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.41 (q, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 3.98-3.85 (m, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.67 (dd, J=9.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.58 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=9.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 3.93-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H), −0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 208.4, 171.3, 159.4, 130.6, 129.3, 114.0, 76.0, 72.9, 66.9, 64.1, 63.0, 61.4, 60.7, 60.6, 58.7, 58.5, 55.4, 34.1, 26.4, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 26.0, 18.5, 18.4, 18.3, 18.2, 15.5, 14.4, 13.0, −4.3, −4.4, −4.6, −4.7, −4.9, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 992 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+39.7 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.45 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 42 Compound 17a

To a solution of 16a (289 mg, 0.3 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (10:0.5 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (200 mg, 0.89 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 45 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (35 mg, 0.95 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C. for 30 min. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 6:1) to obtain 17a (153 mg, 60%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.56-4.51 (m, 1H), 3.98-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.61 (bs, 1H), 3.53 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.69 (brd, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (brd, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 212.7, 171.9, 75.6, 67.6, 65.5, 64.2, 63.2, 61.4, 61.1, 60.9, 60.6, 60.4, 38.1, 35.7, 32.1, 31.9, 29.7, 26.0, 25.9, 18.4, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 14.2, 14.2, −4.5, −4.6, −4.7, −5.2, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 872 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−29.5 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.20 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 43 Compound 17b

To a solution of crude 16b (0.745 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (10:0.5 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (507 mg, 2.23 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (35 mg, 0.95 mmol) was added in portions during 2 h at 23° C. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 6:1) to obtain 17b (474 mg, 75% for 2 steps) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.58 (dt, J=9.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13-3.99 (m, 3H), 3.88 (td, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.60 (dd, J=8.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.54-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.43 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (dt, J=9.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.56-2.48 (m, 1H), 2.42 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (dd, J=16.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.91 (m, 3H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 18H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 213.0, 171.4, 74.6, 65.7, 65.5, 64.1, 63.6, 63.5, 62.3, 61.1, 60.1, 59.1, 35.9, 34.8, 32.0, 29.6, 26.1, 26.0, 25.8, 25.7, 18.5, 18.3, 17.9, 14.2, 14.0, −4.5, −4.7, −5.0, −5.2, −5.3, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 872 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−14.4 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f) 0.30 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 44 Compound 17c

To a solution of 15b (289 mg, 0.3 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (10:0.5 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (200 mg, 0.89 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 30 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (35 mg, 0.95 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C. for 30 min. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 7:1) to obtain 17c (61 mg, 24%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.70-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.05-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.85-3.81 (m, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.50 (br t, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 3.38 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (bs, 3H), 2.64 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (dd, J=15.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 2.09-2.07 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.95 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 874 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.26 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 45 Compound 18a

To a solution of 17a (113 mg, 0.13 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (141 mg, 1.33 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the corresponding aldehyde (Rf=0.33 Hex:EtOAc 4:1). Meanwhile, to a suspension of ethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (395 mg) in toluene (7 mL) was added 1M/THF potassium t-butoxide (0.85 mL) at 0° C. The resulting orange solution was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min and then cooled to −78° C. Then, a solution of the fresh crude aldehyde in toluene (5 mL) was added dropwise to the previous suspension at −78° C. and the mixture was allowed to reach 23° C. during 14 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution (15 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 15:1) to obtain 18a (80 mg, 70% for 2 steps) as a colourless oil.

1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52-5.41 (m, 1H), 5.26 (td, J=10.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.68 (m, 1H), 3.81 (dd, J=10.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.75-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 3.29-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.16 (m, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.71 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (brd, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J=15.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.9, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 211.2, 172.2, 130.9, 124.2, 76.7, 67.7, 64.9, 62.8, 62.2, 61.1, 60.7, 59.5, 57.3, 37.7, 31.8, 29.7, 26.2, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 18.9, 18.3, 18.2, 18.1, 18.1, 13.1, 12.3, −4.3, −4.4, −4.7, −4.9, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 882 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.52 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 46 Compound 18b

To a solution of 17b (474 mg, 0.557 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (590 mg, 1.39 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the corresponding aldehyde (R_(f)=0.38 Hex:EtOAc 4:1). Meanwhile, to a suspension of ethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (1.64 g) in toluene (15 mL) was added 1M/THF potassium t-butoxide (3.56 mL) at 0° C. The resulting orange solution was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min and then cooled to −78° C. Then, a solution of the fresh crude aldehyde in toluene (10 mL) was added dropwise to the previous suspension at −78° C. and the mixture was allowed to reach 23° C. during 14 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 15:1 to 10:1) to obtain 18b (347 mg, 72% for 2 steps) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.51-5.45 (m, 1H), 5.29 (td, J=11.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.76-4.71 (m, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J=9.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=9.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.59 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.30 (m, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.92-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.6, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 9H), 0.03 (s 3H), 0.00 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 208.63, 172.3, 130.9, 124.2, 76.2, 66.7, 65.0, 62.5, 61.3, 61.1, 60.0, 56.8, 36.7, 31.8, 29.7, 26.2, 25.9, 25.9, 18.9, 18.3, 18.2, 18.1, 18.0, 13.1, 12.0, −4.5, −4.7, −4.8, −4.9, −5.2, −5.3, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 882 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+73.9 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.50 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 47 Compound 18c

Following the procedure described in example 45, 17c (60 mg, 0.07 mmol) was converted to 18c (30 mg, 50%, pale yellow oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc 10:1).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.48-5.40 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.25 (m, 1H), 4.85-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J=11.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (brt, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=10.2,−5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (br d, J=10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.62 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (dd, J=10.2. 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.71 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.03-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.77 (br d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.59 (dd, J=6.6, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 6H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 862 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.48 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 48 Compound 19a

To a solution of 18a (80 mg, 0.093 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added BrMgEt (0.28 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 0.28 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 30:1) to obtain 19a (57 mg, 75%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.53-5.43 (m, 1H), 5.26 (td, J=10.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.66 (m, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=10.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.64 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.34 (m, 3H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.6, 1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 18H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 6H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 211.9, 209.2, 130.9, 124.4, 77.3, 67.4, 65.0, 62.7, 62.1, 60.8, 59.8, 57.6, 47.2, 37.1, 31.7, 29.7, 26.3, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 18.9, 18.4, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 13.1, 12.2, 7.5, −4.2, −4.3, 4.7, −5.0, −5.3, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 851 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−11.3 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.74 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 49 Compound 19b

To a solution of 18b (347 mg, 0.4 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added 1M/THF BrMgEt (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 40:1) to obtain 19b (280 mg, 84%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.30 (td, J=10.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.67 (m, 1H), 3.95 (dd, J=9.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.69 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.57 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.30 (m, 4H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.9, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 9H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.0, 208.7, 130.9, 124.1, 76.0, 65.8, 64.9, 62.3, 61.3, 58.0, 57.2, 46.7, 36.7, 31.8, 26.2, 25.9, 25.8, 18.8, 18.3, 18.2, 18.1, 18.0, 13.1, 12.1, 7.5, −4.5, −4.6, −4.8, −4.9, −5.3, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 851 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+69.5 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.76 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 50 Compounds 20a and 20c

To a solution of 19a (160 mg, 0.19 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added simultaneously TBAF (1.52 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 1.52 mmol) and AcOH (77 μL, 1.35 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 16 h. H₂O (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 1:1) to obtain a tautomer equilibrium of 20a and 20c (77 mg, 82%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.54-5.49 (m, 1H), 5.24 (m, 1H), 4.79 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=12.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.33 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.26 (m, 1H), 2.77 (ddd, J=11.5, 5.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.02 (dd, J=14.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (dd, J=7.0, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), −0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 213.1, 130.5, 124.8, 97.3, 78.6, 65.3, 65.2, 62.2, 61.3, 55.5, 55.2, 54.7, 37.3, 34.5, 31.6, 29.7, 26.0, 18.7, 13.3, 11.4, 7.4, −4.4, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 509 (M+23)⁺, 451 (M+H−2×H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.56 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 51 Compounds 20b and 20d

Following the procedure described in example 50, 19b (35 mg, 0.04 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 20b and 20d (12 mg, 60%, pale yellow oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 1:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.56-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.26 (m, 1H), 4.38 (ddd, J=15.5, 11.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.76 (m, 4H), 3.53 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.89 (ddd, J=14.5, 11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.08 (dd, J=12.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.69-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.64 (dd, J=7.0, 2.0 Hz, 3H), 1.46 (dd, J=13.0, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 213.1, 130.6, 124.7, 98.8, 77.0, 66.8, 65.1, 62.2, 60.8, 60.0, 59.0, 40.1, 35.5, 31.5, 29.7, 26.1, 18.8, 18.2, 13.3, 11.5, 7.4, −4.3, −5.0.

MS (ESI) m/z: 509 (M+23)⁺, 451 (M+H−2×H₂O)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+55.0 (c 0.5, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.51 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 52 Compounds 3a and 4a

To a solution of 19a (238 mg, 0.29 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added simultaneously TBAF (2.9 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 2.9 mmol) and AcOH (116 μL, 2 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 7 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 0:1) to obtain a tautomer equilibrium of 3a and 4a (25 mg, 23%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃OD) (data of the major product) δ 5.56-5.51 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.26 (m, 1H), 4.75 (m, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.72 (dd, J=12.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.62 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.16 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (ddd, J=11.5, 4.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 1.93 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.75 (dd, J=14.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (dd, J=6.5, 2.0 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.55-5.48 (m, 1H), 5.27-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.74 (brd, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=13.0, 13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (dd, J=12.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (dd, J=10.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=10.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J=9.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (ddd, J=11.5, 5.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.39 (m, 1H), 2.02 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (dd, J=7.0, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.59-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 214.2, 130.0, 125.0, 97.3, 77.2, 66.8, 66.7, 65.2, 63.0, 55.6, 54.6, 52.9, 37.1, 34.5, 31.3, 18.6, 13.3, 11.6, 7.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 767 (2×M+23)⁺, 395 (M+23)⁺, 377 (M+23-H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.24 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 53 Compounds 3b and 4b

Following the procedure described in example 52, 19b (200 mg, 0.24 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 3b and 4b (20 mg, 21%) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 0:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) d 5.56-5.48 (m, 1H), 5.28-5.22 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.37 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.73 (m, 5H), 3.34-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.98 (ddd, J=4.5 Hz, 11.5 Hz, 14.5 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.09 (dd, J=5 Hz, 13 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (q, J=7 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, 7 Hz, 3H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d J=7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7 Hz, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 395 (M+23)⁺, 767 (2M+23)⁺, 377 (M+23−H₂O)⁺, 337 (M+1−2H₂O)⁺, 319 (M+1−3H₂O)⁺. HRMS (TOF) Calcd for C₁₉H₃₂O₇Na: 395.2046. Found 395.2019.

R_(f)=0.15 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 54 Compound 21

Compound 21 was prepared following the procedure described by D. A. Evans et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 4261-4263.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.21 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 4.44 (m, 1H), 4.20 (m, 2H), 2.36 (m, 1H), 1.91 (dd, J=6.6, 1.2 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

Example 55 Compound 22

To a solution of 21 (9.39 g, 0.047 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (75 mL) was added Bu₂BOTf (52.4 mL, 1.0 M in CH₂Cl₂, 52.4 mmol) and Et₃N (9.3 mL, 0.067 mol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at −78° C., 15 min at 0° C. and recooled at −78° C. This solution was added over a solution of 8a (9 g, 0.016 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) at −50° C. and the mixture was stirred at −50° C. for an additional 10 days. Then, saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (150 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 15:1 to 2:1) to afford compound 22 alone with ca. 15% of another diastereoisomer (12 g, 80%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.20 (dt, J=17.4, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J=11.1, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=19.2, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.33 (m, 3H), 4.28-4.09 (m, 3H), 3.95 (br d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.33 (br d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.90 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.23 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (s, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.9, 158.7, 153.0, 132.1, 128.7, 128.3, 118.8, 113.3, 77.0, 74.6, 72.3, 69.0, 64.7, 64.5, 63.0, 62.9, 62.7, 60.0, 58.5, 58.1, 58.0, 54.7, 50.4, 47.1, 32.9, 32.2, 30.9, 28.1, 27.9, 27.3, 25.6, 25.5, 17.8, 17.6, 14.3, 14.3, 14.2, 14.1, −5.1, −5.3, −5.8, −5.9.

MS (ESI) m/z: 786 (M+23)⁺, 764 (M+H)⁺.

R_(f)=0.32 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 56 Compound 23

To a solution of the mixture of diastereoisomers (5:1) of 22 (3.9 g, 5.1 mmol) in THF:H₂O (5:1, 75 mL), LiBH₄ (13 mL, 2.0 M in THF, 26 mmol) was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred 30 min at 0° C. and 2.5 h at 23° C. Saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (100 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue 23 (3.4 g) was used in the next step with no further purification.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 6.17-6.05 (m, 1H), 5.20 (dd, J=10.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (dd, J=17.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.02 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.47 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.66 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.4, 135.8, 130.3, 129.2, 118.3, 114.0, 79.1, 73.2, 73.0, 72.3, 67.2, 65.6, 64.4, 60.4, 55.4, 47.7, 46.7, 33.6, 26.2, 18.5, 18.2, 15.0, 12.9, −4.1, −5.0, −5.1, −5.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 661 (M+23)⁺, 639 (14+H)⁺.

R_(f)=0.18 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 57 Compound 24

To a solution of crude 23 (5 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) was added imidazole (1.02 g, 15 mmol) and TBSCl (1.13 g, 7.5 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 15 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (70 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to obtain pure compound 24 (1.7 g, 43% for two steps) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.96-5.84 (m, 1H), 5.12-5.05 (m, 2H), 4.37 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.0 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 3.86-3.77 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.57-3.46 (m, 3H), 3.37-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.67 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 9H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.4, 136.0, 130.4, 129.2, 118.0, 114.0, 79.2, 73.1, 72.9, 68.2, 65.3, 64.7, 64.6, 60.7, 55.4, 49.1, 47.1, 33.6, 26.3, 26.2, 26.1, 18.5, 15.1, 12.9, −4.1, −4.9, −5.1, −5.2, −5.3.

MS (ESI) m/z: 775 (M+23)⁺, 753 (M+H)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−8.0 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.65 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 58 Compound 25a

Over a solution of 24 (1.58 g, 2.09 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was bubbled a current of O₃ during 2 min at −78° C. Then, Ph₃P (1.65 g, 6.27 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, and the stirring was continued for 1.5 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to afford compound 25a (1.34 g, 85%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.77 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 4.18 (dd, J=9.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.03 (m, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=9.9, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.50 (dd, J=10.5, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.27 (m, 2H), 2.67 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 205.6, 159.4, 130.3, 129.4 114.1, 79.2, 73.2, 72.9, 70.4, 65.5, 64.0, 61.7, 60.9, 55.8, 55.4, 47.4, 33.6, 26.2, 26.0, 18.4, 18.2, 15.0, 12.9, −4.1, −5.0, −5.2, −5.3, −5.3, −5.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 777 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−7.9 (c 0.52, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f) 0.67 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 59 Compound 25b

To a solution of 25a (1.34 mg, 1.78 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (1.5 mg, 3.56 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 50 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (60 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×70 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give aldehyde 25b which was used in the next step with no further purification.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.59 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.48 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.29 (m, 1H), 3.98-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.45 (m, 4H), 2.47 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.03 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

R_(f)=0.69 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 60 Compounds 26a and 26b

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (70 μL g, 0.65 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at −78° C. was added bis-(trimethylsilyl)-lithiumamid (0.65 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 0.65 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at that temperature. Then, a solution of 25a (165 mg, 0.22 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added over the previous solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h at −78° C. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (30 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 1:1) to yield 26a and 26b (1:2) as colourless oils (139 mg, in a combined 74% of yield).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) mix of diastereoisomers δ 7.19-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.82-6.89 (m, 2H), 4.58-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.36-4.55 (m, 2H), 4.01-4.08 (m, 1H), 5.75-5.98 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 1.98H), 3.79 (s, 1.02H), 3.65 (s, 1.98H), 3.64 (s, 1-02H), 3.44-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.17 (s, 1.02H), 3.16 (s, 1.98H), 2.80-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.69 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 0.66H), 2.68 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 0.34H), 2.65-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.69 (br s, 1H), 1-34 (s, 1.02H), 1.25 (s, 1.98H), 1.07 (m, 3H), 0.92 (s, 5.94H), 0.90 (s, 3.06H), 0.89 (s, 3.06H), 0.88 (s, 5.94H), 0.85 (s, 3.06H), 0.83 (s, 5.94H), −0.02-0.18 (m, 18H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 880 (M+23)⁺, 858 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.09 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 61 Compounds 26c and 26d

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methylacetamide (568 μL g, 5.34 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added bis-(trimethylsilyl)-lithiumamid (1.0 M in THF) (5.34 mL, 5.34 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at that temperature. Then, a solution of crude 25b (1.78 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added over the previous solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 3 h at −78° C. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (50 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with EtOAc (3×60 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 2:1) to yield 26c and 26d (1:1.9) as colourless oils (910 mg, in a combined 60% of yield for two steps).

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) mix of diastereoisomers δ 7.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 4H), 6.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 4.64-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.36 (m, 6H), 4.10-3.82 (m, 6H), 3.80 (s, 6H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.66 (s, 6H), 3.61 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.44-3.29 (m, 6H), 3.18 (s, 6H), 3.01-2.80 (m, 3H), 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.57 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 1.81-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 0.89 (s, 18H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.1 (s, 6H), 0.07 (s, 9H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 211.0, 172.4, 159.0, 130.1, 128.9, 113.6, 77.0, 72.6, 72.0, 71.9, 67.4, 66.1, 64.1, 64.0, 63.1, 63.0, 61.0, 60.8, 60.5, 60.1, 59.8, 58.9, 56.7, 55.1, 36.3, 33.5, 26.0, 25.7, 18.2, 18.0, 15.0, 12.5, −4.6, −4.7, −5.0, −5.1, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 878 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.44 (Hex:EtOAc, 2:1). Also R_(f)=0.16 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 62 Compounds 27a and 27b

To a solution of a mixture of 26a and 26b (139 mg, 0.16 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (57 μL, 0.49 mmol) and TBSOTf (56 μL, 0.24 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. Then, a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (30 mL) was added, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc 10:1) to obtain 27a (white solid) and 27b (colourless oil) (1:2) (113 mg in a combined 72% of yield).

27a: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.66 (brd, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J=11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (brd, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.32 (m, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.01-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.74 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.70-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.92 (bs, 1H), 1.79-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.02 (s, 6H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 994 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.34 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

27b: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.82-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.43 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 3.96-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.76-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.58 (m, 3H), 3.46 (dd, J=9.0, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (dd, J=9.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.69 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 994 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.46 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 63 Compound 27c

To a solution of 27a (36 mg, 0.04 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (63 mg, 0.15 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1.5 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain 27c (26 mg, 72%) as a pale yellow oil. This compound is also obtained by protection of 26c with TBSOTf and lutidine with a quantitative yield under standard condition.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.80-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.41 (q, J=11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.75-3.67 (m, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.39 (dd, J=9.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.29 (dd, J=9.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (bs, 3H), 2.99-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.67 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.54 (br d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 18H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 6H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 210.2, 172.5, 159.1, 130.2, 128.9, 113.7, 76.1, 72.6, 72.1, 67.0, 64.0, 63.8, 61.5, 61.0, 60.8, 58.1, 55.1, 54.2, 36.7, 33.6, 29.6, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 18.2, 18.1, 18.0, 17.9, 15.1, 13.4, −4.8, −4.9, −4.9, −5.4, −5.5, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 992 (M+23)⁺, 970 (M+1)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−45.1 (c 0.50, CH₃Cl).

R_(f)=0.38 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 64 Compound 27d

To a solution of 27b (77 mg, 0.08 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (63 mg, 0.15 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 1.5 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain 27d (51 mg, 66%) as a pale yellow oil. This compound is also obtained by protection of 26d with TBSOTf and lutidine with a quantitative yield under standard condition.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.69-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.26 (dd, J=9.3, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (bs, 3H), 3.07 (dt, J=9.3, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (br d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 6H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.2, 172.1, 159.2, 130.2, 129.0, 113.8, 76.3, 72.5, 71.8, 68.2, 64.2, 63.0, 61.3, 60.9, 60.0, 59.3, 57.7, 55.1, 36.4, 34.0, 29.6, 26.4, 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 18.7, 18.1, 17.9, 15.3, 12.4, −4.3, −4.4, −5.1, −5.2, −5.5, −5.6, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 992 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+47.6 (c 0.5, CH₃Cl).

R_(f)=0.45 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 65 Compound 28a

To a solution of 27c (390 mg, 0.4 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (4:0.2 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (274 mg, 1.2 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 18 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (15 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (74 mg, 2 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C. for 30 min. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1) to obtain 28a (220 mg, 65%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.77-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.10-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.86-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.52 (br d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (bs, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 211.8, 172.1, 76.9, 67.1, 65.1, 64.8, 63.4, 61.5, 61.2, 61.1, 58.5, 57.3, 36.6, 35.8, 32.0, 29.6, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 18.2, 18.1, 17.9, 14.3, 13.7, −4.6, −4.8, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 872 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−32.9 (c 0.50, CH₃Cl).

R_(f)=0.31 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 66 Compound 28b

To a solution of 27d (718 mg, 0.74 mmol) in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂:H₂O (10:0.5 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (504 mg, 2.22 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 17 min. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (15 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was solved in MeOH and NaBH₄ (110 mg, 3 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 23° C. for 20 min. Then, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1) to obtain 28b (374 mg, 60%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.75-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.88 (dd, J=10.5, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.49 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.16 (bs, 3H), 3.13-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.84 (br dd, J=15.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.44 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 212.6, 172.0, 76.4, 67.6, 65.2, 65.0, 62.9, 61.2, 61.1, 60.8, 59.9, 59.5, 37.1, 36.2, 32.0, 29.6, 26.0, 25.9, 25.8, 25.6, 18.3, 18.1, 18.0, 18.0, 14.4, 13.5, −3.6, 4.4, −4.8, −4.9, −5.0, −5.5, −5.6, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 872 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+21.6 (c 0.52, CH₃Cl).

R_(f)=0.31 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 67 Compound 29a

To a solution of 28a (162 mg, 0.19 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (202 mg, 0.47 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (15 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the corresponding aldehyde (R_(f)=0.32, Hex:EtOAc, 4:1). Meanwhile, to a suspension of ethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (565 mg, 1.94 mmol) in toluene (7 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (1.24 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 1.24 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting orange solution was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min and then cooled to −78° C. Then, a solution of the fresh crude aldehyde in toluene (5 mL) was added dropwise to the previous suspension at −78° C. and the mixture was allowed to reach 23° C. during 14 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 20:1) to obtain 29a (105 mg, 64% for 2 steps) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.88-4.87 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.60-3.57 (m, 3H), 3.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (bs, 3H), 2.79-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.39 (m, 2H), 1.62 (dd, J=6.6, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 6H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 211.0, 171.9, 130.5, 124.0, 66.6, 64.8, 62.6, 61.9, 61.6, 60.6, 57.0, 53.7, 36.2, 31.1, 29.2, 25.7, 25.5, 25.4, 25.3, 18.4, 17.8, 17.7, 17.6, 12.7, 11.8, −5.1, −5.2, −5.3, −5.4, −5.8, −5.9, −6.0.

MS (ESI) m/z: 882 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−6.1 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.44 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 68 Compound 29b

To a solution of 28b (318 mg, 0.37 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (397 mg, 0.93 mmol) and catalytic amount of NaHCO₃ at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 40 min. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the corresponding aldehyde (R_(f)=0.42, Hex:EtOAc, 4:1). Meanwhile, to a suspension of ethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide (1.1 g, 3.77 mmol) in toluene (12 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (2.43 mL, 1M in THF, 2.34 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting orange solution was stirred at 0° C. for 25 min and then cooled to −78° C. Then, a solution of the fresh crude aldehyde in toluene (6 mL) was added dropwise to the previous suspension at −78° C. and the mixture was allowed to reach 23° C. during 15 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc 20:1) to obtain 29b (195 mg, 60% for 2 steps) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.50-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.25 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.78 (m, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=11.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.64-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.17 (bs, 3H), 3.03-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.65 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.10 (br d, J=14.7 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H), −0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.0, 172.0, 131.0, 124.2, 76.3, 68.1, 65.0, 62.6, 61.4, 61.3, 59.6, 59.4, 57.2, 36.3, 31.8, 29.7, 26.4, 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 18.9, 18.7, 18.1, 18.0, 17.9, 13.2, 11.9, −4.3, −4.4, −5.1, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 882 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+70.2 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.77 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 69 Compound 30a

To a solution of 29a (80 mg, 0.093 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added BrMgEt (0.28 mL, 1M in THF, 0.28 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to obtain 30a (54 mg, 71%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.18 (m, 1H), 4.83 (ddd, J=9.6, 4.2, 21. Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J=9.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J=9.6, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=8.7, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.38 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.75-70 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.43 (m, 5H), 1.62 (dd, J=6.6, 1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 6H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H), −0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 212.5, 209.2, 131.1, 124.7, 78.2, 66.6, 65.5, 63.2, 62.6, 62.4, 57.5, 54.3, 53.6, 47.3, 36.7, 31.8, 29.9, 26.3, 26.1, 26.0, 19.0, 18.5, 18.3, 18.2, 13.4, 12.4, 7.8, −4.3, −4.4, −4.7, −4.8, −5.1, −5.2, −5.3.

MS (ESI) m/z: 851 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)−25.4 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.86 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 70 Compound 30b

To a solution of 29b (110 mg, 0.13 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) was added BrMgEt (0.38 mL, 1M in THF, 0.38 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 4 h. Saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 20:1) to obtain 30b (70 mg, 65%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52-5.41 (m, 1H), 5.28-5.20 (m, 1H), 4.76-4.72 (m, 1H), 3.85-3.73 (m, 3H), 3.70 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.05-3.00 (dt, J=10.2, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (dd, J=15.6, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 3H), 2.38-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.61 (dd, J=6.9, 1.8 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 18H), 0.84 (s, 18H), 0.19 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 6H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.04 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 209.5, 209.3, 131.0, 124.3, 76.0, 67.6, 64.9, 62.4, 61.3, 59.8, 58.9, 57.3, 45.5, 38.1, 31.9, 29.7, 26.3, 25.9, 25.8, 25.7, 19.0, 18.7, 18.1, 18.0, 17.8, 13.3, 11.9, 7.4, −4.1, −4.2, −5.1, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5, −5.6, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 851 (M+23)⁺.

[α]²⁵ _(D)+80.9 (c 0.50, CH₂Cl₂).

R_(f)=0.71 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 71 Compounds 31a and 31c

Following the procedure described in example 50, 30a (48 mg, 0.058 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 31a and 31c (20 mg, 70%, colourless oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 1:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) d 5.55-5.49 (m, 1H), 5.29-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.28 (ddd, J=15.5, 11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (dd, J=11.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.62 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35-3.31 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.09 (dd, J=12.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.65 (m, 2H), 1.62 (dd, J=7.0, 2.0 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (br t, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 214.7, 130.5, 124.8, 98.7, 78.2, 66.9, 65.0, 61.8, 60.5, 59.6, 59.2, 57.7, 39.9, 35.6, 31.4, 26.1, 18.7, 18.4, 13.3, 11.6, 7.4, −4.4, −4.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 509 (M+23)⁺, 451 (M+1-2×H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.4 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 72 Compounds 31b and 31d

Following the procedure described in example 50, 30b (45 mg, 0.054 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 31b and 31d (13 mg, 50%, colourless oil) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 1:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.59-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.28 (m, 1H), 4.62 (bs, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J=12.0, 5.0 Hz), 3.70-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.48 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.94 (ddd, J=11.5, 5.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.61 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.03 (dd, J=14.5, 3.5 Hz,), 1.66 (dd, J=7.0, 1.5 Hz, 3H), 1.63-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.58 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.14 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 216.3, 130.5, 124.9, 97.2, 78.4, 65.9, 65.2, 62.0, 60.7, 55.7, 55.4, 54.7, 37.1, 34.2, 31.4, 26.0, 18.7, 18.2, 13.3, 11.4, 7.4, −4.3, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 509 (M+23)⁺, 451 (M+1-2×H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.42 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 73 Compounds 3c and 4c

Following the procedure described in example 52, 31a (48 mg, 0.058 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 3c and 4c (5 mg, 22%) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 0:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.56-5.49 (m, 1H), 5.28-5.23 (m, 1H), 4.36 (ddd, J=15.0, 11.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.66 (m, 4H), 3.62 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.98 (ddd, J=14.0, 10.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.09 (dd, J=13.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.63 (dd, J=1.5 Hz, 7 Hz, 3H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.12 (d J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 215.4, 130.0, 125.0, 98.7, 77.3, 67.0, 62.8, 60.8, 60.0, 59.0, 40.1, 35.5, 31.3, 23.9, 19.7, 18.6, 13.3, 11.3, 7.4.

MS (ESI) m/z: 767 (2×M+23)⁺,395 (M+23)⁺, 337 (M+1-2×H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.16 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 74 Compounds 3d and 4d

Following the procedure described in example 52, 31b (150 mg, 0.18 mmol) was converted to a tautomer equilibrium of 3d and 4d (10 mg, 15%) after purification of the crude product by flash column chromatography (Hex:EtOAc from 4:1 to 0:1).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CH₃OD) (data of the major product) δ 5.57-5.51 (m, 1H), 5.32-5.26 (m, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 4.26 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.31-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.24 (d, J=10 Hz, 1H), 2.80 (ddd, J=11.5, 4.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (dd, J=14.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.75 (dd, J=14.5, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (dd, J=6.5, 15. Hz, 3H), 1.56 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 5.56-5.50 (m, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 5.27-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.76 (bs, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=11.5, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=12.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.46 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (ddd, J=11.5, 4.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (dd, J=13.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (dd, J=14.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (dd, J=7.0, 2.0 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the major product) δ 214.9, 130.0, 125.1, 96.9, 77.1, 67.1, 65.4, 62.8, 60.9, 55.3, 54.9, 52.7, 37.4, 34.2, 31.3, 18.6, 13.3, 11.4, 7.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 767.2 (2×M+23)⁺, 395.3 (M+23)⁺, 377.3 (M+23−H₂O)⁺, 337 (M+1-2×H₂O)⁺, 319.3 (M+1-3×H₂O)⁺.

R_(f)=0.22 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 75 Compound 32

This compound was obtained as a side product in the preparation of 34 from 11a. To a solution of 11a (1.72 g, 2.69 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) was added dimethoxypropane (10 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (94 mg, 0.4 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (0.56. mL, 4 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 10:1 to 3:1) affording furano 32 (0.6 g, 35%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 5.72-5.65 (m, 1H), 5.09-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=10.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.60 (dd, J=6.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.42 (m, 3H), 3.36-3.32 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.13-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.98 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.1, 137.4, 130.5, 129.1, 116.3, 113.7, 83.6, 78.7, 77.7, 77.1, 75.4, 72.7, 64.9, 58.6, 55.2, 49.6, 34.4, 25.8, 25.7, 18.1, 18.0, 17.5, 12.5, −4.7, −5.1, −5.5, −5.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 661.4 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.35 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 76 Compounds 33 and 42

To a solution of furane 32 (246 mg, 0.346 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano1,4-benzoquinone (236 mg, 1.04 mmol) and the reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 1 h at 23° C. The reaction was hydrolysed by addition of aqueous NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and the solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL) and treated with NaBH₄ (30 mg) for 30 min at 23° C. After this time, solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, hydrolysed with aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 4:1 to 2:1) to obtain compounds 33 (88 mg, 40%) and 42 (77 mg, 42%) as colourless oils.

33: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.82-5.75 (m, 1H), 5.46 (s, 1H), 5.13-5.09 (s, 2H), 4.48 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dd, J=4.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.91 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.88-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.62 (dd, J=6.0, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.67 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (s, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), −0.07 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.8, 137.4, 131.3, 127.4, 116.3, 113.5, 102.1, 86.4, 83.4, 79.4, 77.0, 75.4, 65.1, 58.7, 55.2, 49.9, 46.2, 30.6, 29.7, 25.8, 18.6, 18.1, 13.3, −4.3, −5.2, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 659.2 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.31 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

42: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.68-5.55 (m, 1H), 5.18-5.12 (m, 2H), 4.41 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.94-3.77 (m, 3H), 3.70-3.36 (m, 3H), 3.14 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.59 (m, 1H), 2.04-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.04 (s, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 6H), 0.09 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 136.3, 118.4, 82.9, 80.3, 79.7, 79.1, 66.4, 64.7, 58.4, 49.5, 47.0, 39.1, 26.1, 26.0, 18.4, 18.3, 16.5, 15.2, −4.4, −5.0, −5.2, −5.3.

MS (ESI) m/z: 541.2 (M+23)⁺, 519.3 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.06 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 77 Compound 34

To a solution of 11a (1.72 g, 2.69 mmol) in acetone (10 mL) was added dimethoxypropane (10 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (94 mg, 0.4 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (0.56 mL, 4 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 10:1 to 3:1) affording acetonide 34 (1.16 g mg, 64%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.30-6.17 (m, 1H), 5.13 (dd, J=10.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (dd, J=16.8, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (ss, J=15.6, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (dd, J=7.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J=11.4, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.68 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.64-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J=10.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.28 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.27 (3, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.07 s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 159.1, 137.2, 130.1, 129.1, 117.1, 113.7, 98.8, 76.5, 72.9, 72.7, 67.8, 66.2, 64.8, 64.5, 58.4, 55.2, 44.9, 44.0, 33.5, 29.8, 26.1, 25.9, 18.8, 18.3, 18.0, 14.9, 13.2, −4.5, −4.6, −5.3, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 701 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.67 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 78 Compound 35a

To a solution of 14a (32 mg, 0.037 mmol) in acetone (1.5 mL) was added dimethoxypropane (1.5 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (0.85 mg, 0.0037 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (14 μL, 0.01 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred for 30 min. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1) affording acetonide 35a (27 mg, 81%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.49-4.38 (m, 3H), 3.82-3.74 (m, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.30 (m 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.96 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.52 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.58 (m 2H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.12 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.17 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.1, 159.4, 130.7, 129.4, 114.0, 100.9, 78.2, 73.0, 72.2, 67.2, 65.6, 64.0, 63.4, 61.4, 60.8, 59.8, 55.5, 50.5, 46.5, 39.0, 33.4, 30.0, 26.5, 26.3, 25.2, 25.5, 18.7, 18.4, 18.3, 15.4, 12.0, −3.4, −4.8, −5.2, −5.4, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 921 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.24 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 79 Compound 35b

To a solution of 14b (40 mg, 0.047 mmol) in acetone (1.5 mL) was added dimethoxypropane (1.5 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (1 mg, 0.0047 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (14 μL, 0.01 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1) affording acetonide 35b (40 mg, 95%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (dd, J=22.7, 11.3 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.20 (m, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.82-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.38-3.33 (m, 1H) 3.19 (s, 3H), 3.07 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H) 2.70 (br s, 1H), 2.48 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H). ¹³CNMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.8, 159.4, 130.7, 129.4, 114.0, 97.7, 77.5, 73.1, 72.6, 69.4, 67.7, 64.2, 63.9, 61.7, 61.4, 60.0, 55.5, 47.4, 42.7, 33.3, 30.0, 29.9, 26.4, 26.3, 26.2, 20.2, 18.6, 18.4, 18.3, 15.3, 12.0, −3.4, −3.6, −4.8, −5.2, −5.4, −5.7.

MS (ESI) m/z: 921 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.27 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 80 Compound 36a

To a solution of 38a (26 mg, 0.035 mmol) in acetone (1 mL) was added dimethoxypropane (1 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (1 mg, 0.0047 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (14 μL, 0.01 mmol) was then added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 3:1) affording acetonide 36a (18 mg, 70%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.784-5.71 (m, 1H), 5.11-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.41-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.12 (dd, J=7.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.33 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.54-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.8, 159.4, 137.1, 130.5, 129.3, 118.7, 114.0, 101.6, 73.1, 72.8, 68.9, 66.2, 65.2, 64.7, 61.4, 59.0, 55.5, 53.5, 43.8, 33.8, 29.9, 26.5, 26.2, 25.0, 24.1, 18.7, 18.3, 15.3, 13.8, −4.1, −4.3, −5.0, −5.1.

MS (ESI) m/z: 802 (M+23)⁺, 780 (M+1)⁺.

R_(f)=0.18 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 81 Compound 36b

To a solution of 38b (34 mg, 0.046 mmol) in acetone (1 mL) were added dimethoxypropane (1 mL) and camphorsulfonic acid (1 mg, 0.0047 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at 23° C. (until TLC revealed total consumption of the starting material). Et₃N (14 μL, 0.01 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred for 30 min at 23° C. Solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was subjected to flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 3:1) affording acetonide 36b (33 mg, 92%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.86 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.95-6.08 (m, 1H), 5.02-5.25 (m, 2H), 4.42-4.53 (m, 1H), 4.38 (s, 2H), 4.26-4.28 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.58-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.32 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.59-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.17-2.29 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H), −0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.2, 159.4, 134.5, 130.6, 129.3, 113.9, 99.5, 76.5, 73.0, 72.9, 69.2, 64.4, 61.4, 58.7, 55.4, 48.3, 45.5, 36.6, 33.7, 30.1, 29.9, 26.3, 26.1, 19.7, 18.6, 15.2, 13.6, −4.3, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 780.7 (M+1)⁺, 802.7 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.20 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 82 Compound 37

To a solution of diol 11a (300 mg, 0.47 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) (0.24 g, 0.56 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and for additional 30 min at 23° C. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue 37 was used in the next step without further purification.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 9.45 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.75-5.84 (m, 1H), 5.19-5.37 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.88 (m, 4H), 3.38 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.15-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 1.67-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 659.7 (M+23). R_(f)=0.56 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 83 Compounds 38a and 38b

To a solution of N-methoxy-N-methyl acetamide (0.158 mL, 1.41 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) at −78° C. was added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1.41 mL, 1.0 M in THF, 1.41 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at this temperature. Then, a solution of crude aldehyde 37 (0.47 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added over the previous solution and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h at −78° C. Then, a saturated aqueous solution on NH₄Cl (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc from 5:1 to 1:1) to yield 38a and 38b (38:62) as colourless oils (146 mg, 42% overall yield for two steps from 11a).

38a: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.81-5.86 (m, 1H), 5.07-5.22 (m, 2H), 4.46-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.44 (dd, J=24.4 and 11.5 Hz, 2H), 4.05-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.94 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.53 (d, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.15-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.68-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.18-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.5, 159.3, 139.5, 136.4, 130.7, 129.3, 118.9, 114.0, 77.0, 73.0, 72.7, 69.9, 68.4, 64.9, 64.2, 61.4, 61.3, 55.4, 55.0, 48.7, 36.5, 33.8, 32.1, 29.9, 26.3, 26.0, 18.4, 18.1, 15.1, 14.1, −4.2, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 740.5 (M+1)⁺, 762.6 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.08 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

38b: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.95-6.08 (m, 1H), 5.04-5.30 (m, 2H), 4.43 (dd, J=11.8, 11.8 Hz, 2H), 4.29-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.12 (br s, 1H), 3.78-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.57-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.15 (s, 31), 2.59 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.62 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.24 (s, 3H), 1.06 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.4, 159.3, 135.4, 130.6, 129.4, 119.2, 113.9, 77.6, 73.0, 72.8, 72.7, 70.3, 64.8, 64.3, 61.4, 60.8, 55.4, 52.8, 47.4, 36.7, 33.6, 29.9, 26.3, 18.4, 18.2, 15.0, 14.0, −4.2, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 740.6 (M+1)⁺, 762.6 (M+23)⁺.R_(f)=0.10 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 84 Compound 39a

To a solution of 38a (106 mg, 0.143 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) at 0° C. was added 2,6-lutidine (0.051 mL, 0.44 mmol) and TBSOTf (0.05 mL, 0.22 mmol) successively. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. Aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was then added and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 39a (79 mg, 65%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.82-5.94 (m, 1H), 5.07-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.44 (dd, J=18.8, 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.41 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.64 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 3.07 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.66-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (dd, J=15.6, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 2.27-2.34 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.05 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H), 0.02 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.5, 159.1, 135.8, 130.4, 129.0, 118.4, 113.8, 76.7, 72.9, 72.6, 70.3, 69.0, 64.6, 61.4, 60.4, 56.0, 55.4, 47.3, 33.8, 29.9, 26.4, 26.1, 26.0, 18.5, 18.3, 18.1, 15.2, 14.0, −4.1, −4.2, −4.5, −5.0, −5.1.

MS (ESI) m/z: 854.4 (M+1)⁺, 876.2 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.53 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 85 Compound 39b

To a solution of 38b (89 mg, 0.12 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) at 0° C. was added 2,6-lutidine (0.042 mL, 0.36 mmol) and TBSOTf (0.041 mL, 0.18 mmol) successively. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was then added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 39b (86 mg, 84%) as a colourless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.89-6.01 (m, 1H), 5.03-5.25 (m, 2H), 4.40 (dd, J=18.4, 11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.16-4.22 (m, 3H), 3.79-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.63-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.27-3.44 (m, 3H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.70-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.6 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.51-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.32 (m 1H), 1.65-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.26 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.06 (s, 3H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H).

¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 172.7, 159.4, 137.5, 130.5, 129.5, 118.5, 114.0, 76.4, 73.1, 72.7, 69.1, 64.8, 64.1, 61.5, 61.0, 55.4, 54.4, 44.4, 37.3, 34.4, 32.1, 29.9, 26.6, 26.2, 26.0, 18.9, 18.2, 17.9, 15.4, 12.7, −4.0, −4.2, −4.7, −5.0, −5.1.

MS (ESI) m/z: 854.4 (M+1)⁺, 876.3 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.43 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 86 Compound 40a

Over a solution of 39a (79 mg, 0.09 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) at −78° C. was bubbled ozone until the clear solution turned to light blue (2 min). Then MeOH (15 mL) and NaBH₄ (15 mg, 0.4 mmol) were added and the solution was allowed to reach 23° C. during 2h. After this time, solvents were removed under reduced pressure, an the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, hydrolysed with aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 4:1 to 2:1) to obtain compound 40a (10 mg, 13%) as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (dd, J=19.6, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.20-4.33 (m, 2H), 3.61-4-07 (m, 5H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.65 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.03-2.16 (m, 2H), 1-76-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.07 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 880 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.15 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 87 Compound 40b

Over a solution of 39b (86 mg, 0.1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) at −78° C. was bubbled ozone until the clear solution turned to light blue (2 min). Then MeOH (15 mL) and NaBH₄ (15 mg, 0.4 mmol) were added and the solution was allowed to reach room temperature during 2h. After this time, solvents were removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, hydrolyzed with aqueous NH₄Cl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 4:1 to 2:1) to obtain compound 40b (50 mg, 58%) as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.25 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (dd, J=19.3, 11.4 Hz, 2H), 4.18-4.40 (m, 3H), 3.64-3.95 (m, 6H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.90-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.60 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.62 (m, 1H), 1.78-1.87 (m, 3H), 1.27 (s, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.14 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.8, 159.2, 130.2, 129.4, 113.8, 75.8, 72.8, 72.5, 72.2, 68.7, 64.5, 63.6, 63.2, 61.4, 60.7, 55.2, 48.5, 43.0, 37.4, 34.2, 31.9, 29.7, 26.3, 25.9, 25.7, 18.6, 17.9, 17.6, 15.2, 12.5, −4.4, −4.5, −5.1, 5.2, −5.4, −5.5.

MS (ESI) m/z: 880 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.13 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 88 Compound 41b

To a solution of 40b (50 mg, 0.06 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) at 0° C. was added 2,6-lutidine (0.021 mL, 0.18 mmol) and TBSOTf (0.021 mL, 0.09 mmol) successively. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. A saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (20 mL) was then added and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 10:1) to obtain compound 41b (57 mg, 98%) as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.41 (dd, J=15.9, 11.7 Hz, 2H), 4.17-4.21 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.72-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.46-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.82-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.10 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.16 (s, 3H), 0.11 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.03 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.1, 159.4, 130.0, 129.4, 114.0, 76.2, 72.8, 72.0, 69.2, 68.7, 64.5, 63.7, 61.9, 61.5, 55.4, 51.2, 44.5, 34.4, 29.9, 26.5, 26.2, 26.1, 18.8, 18.4, 18.1, 17.9, 15.6, 12.3, −3.8, −4.6, −4.7, −5.0, −5.1, −5.2.

MS (ESI) m/z: 972.6 (M+1)⁺, 994.6 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.56 (Hex:EtOAc, 4:1).

Example 89 Compounds 43 and 44

To a solution of 20b (14 mg, 0.024 mmol) in CHCl₃ (3 mL) was added Et₃N (28 μL, 0.2 mmol) and Ac₂O (10 μL, 0.1 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 16 h. Then, the solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 2:1 to 1:1) to obtain pure compounds 43 (6 mg, 47%) as a yellow oil and 44 (6 mg, 44%) as a white solid.

43: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the mayor product) δ 5.53-5.45 (m, 1H), 5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.40 (m, 2H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 3H), 3.53 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.06-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.66 (m, 3H), 1.62 (dd, J=12.0, 6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 551 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.39 (Hex:EtOAc, 50:50).

44: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.15 (m, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J=11.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.43 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.33 (m, 1H) 4.13-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.56 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.11 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.39 (m, 2H), 2.09 (s, 3H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 1.67-1.61 (m, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.15 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 593 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.53 (Hex:EtOAc, 50:50).

Example 90 Compound 45

To a solution of 20b (34 mg, 0.07 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.7 mL) was added Et₃N (11.5 μL, 0.82 mmol), DMAP (5 mg, 0.041 mmol) and Ac₂O (39 μL, 0.41 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 3 h. Then, 0.1N HCl was added until pH=4-5, and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, 3:1) to obtain compound 45 (17 mg, 40%) as a yellow oil.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.60-5.56 (m, 1H), 5.54-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.46 (dd, J=11.1, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=11.4, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 4.14 (dd, J=12.0, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=11.4, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.38 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.52 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.38 (m, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.99 (s, 6H), 1.62 (dd, J=6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.11 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

MS,(ESI) m/z: 635 (M+23)⁺.

Rf=0.54 (Hex:EtOAc, 50:50).

Example 91 Compound 46

To a solution of 20a (18 mg, 0.037 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) was added Et₃N (21 μL, 0.15 mmol) and Ac₂O (7 μL, 0.074 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 16 h. Then, NaHCO₃ (5 mL) was added and the reaction was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 3:1 to 2:1). to obtain compound 46 (16 mg, 82%) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the mayor product) δ 5.55-5.45 (m, 1H), 5.26-5.19 (m, 1H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 4.56 (bs, 1H), 4.45 (dd, J=11.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (bs, 1H), 3.97-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.47 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.21-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.56 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.06-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.63-1.58 (m, 6H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H), 0.13 (s, 3H), −0.01 (s, 3H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) (data of the mayor product) δ 212.2, 170.4, 130.5, 125.3, 97.5, 77.5, 66.0, 65.6, 62.2, 62.1, 55.9, 54.2, 54.1, 37.4, 34.6, 31.6, 29.9, 26.2, 20.9, 18.9, 13.5, 11.8, 7.7, −4.2, −4.6.

MS (ESI) m/z: 551 (M+23)⁺.

Rf=0.38 (Hex:EtOAc, 2:1).

Example 92 Compounds 47 and 1

To a solution of crude 4a (20 mg, 0.054 mmol) in CHCl₃ (3 mL) was added Et₃N (22 μL, 0.16 mmol) and Ac₂O (8 μL, 0.081 mmol) at 23° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 16 h. Then, the solvent was eliminated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (Hex:EtOAc, from 2:1 to 1:1) to obtain pure compounds 47 (10 mg, 48%) and 1 (4 mg, 44%) as yellow oils.

47: ¹H NMR (500 MHz CD₃OD) (data of the hemiketal product) δ 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.26 (m, 1H), 4.57 (m, 1H), 4.28 (dd, J=12.5, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=11.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=11.0, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=12.5, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.13 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (ddd, J=12.0, 5.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.47 (m, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.93 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (dd, J=14.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (brd, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.57 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (125 MHz CD₃OD) (data of the hemiketal product) δ 212.6, 172.6, 131.5, 126.1, 98.8, 78.6, 67.6, 66.1, 64.3, 62.9, 56.8, 56.0, 52.2, 38.6, 35.6, 32.3, 20.8, 18.8, 13.6, 11.6, 7.9.

MS (ESI) m/z: 437 (M+23)⁺.

1: ¹H NMR (500 MHz MeOD) δ 6.27 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.46 (m, 1H), 5.30-5.23 (m, 1H), 5.04-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=10.5, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=9.9, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (ddd, J=19.8, 9.9, 3.6 Hz 1H), 3.34 (d, J=9.9 Hz), 1.94 (s, 3H), 1.65 (dd, J=6.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

MS (ESI) m/z: 419 (M+23)⁺.

R_(f)=0.37 (Hex:EtOAc, 1:2).

Example 93 Bioassays for Antitumor Screening

The finality of these assays is to interrupt the growth of a “in vitro” tumor cell culture by means a continued exhibition of the cells to the sample to be testing.

Cell Lines

NAME N^(o) ATCC SPECIES TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS K-562 CCL-243 human leukemia erythroleukemia (pleural effusion) A-549 CCL-185 human lung lung carcinoma “NSCL” SK-MEL-28 HTB-72 human melanoma malignant melanoma HT-29 HTB-38 human colon colon adenocarcinoma LoVo CCL-229 human colon colon adenocarcinoma LoVo-Dox human colon colon adenocarcinoma (MDR) DU-145 HTB-81 human prostate prostate carcinoma, not androgen receptors LNCaP CRL-1740 human prostate prostate adenocarcinoma, with androgen receptors SK-BR-3 HTB-30 human breast breast adenocarcinoma, Her2/neu+, (pleural effusion) IGROV human ovary ovary adenocarcinoma IGROV-ET human ovary ovary adenocarcinoma, characterized as ET-743 resistant cells HeLa CCL-2 human cervix cervix epitheloid carcinoma HeLa-APL CCL-3 human cervix cervix epitheloid carcinoma, characterized as aplidine resistant cells PANC-1 CRL-1469 human pancreas pancreatic epitheloid carcinoma Inhibition of Cell Growth by Colorimetric Assay.

A colorimetric type of assay, using sulforhodamine B (SRB) reaction has been adapted for a quantitative measurement of cell growth and viability (following the technique described by P. A. Skehan, et al., J. Natl. CancerInst. 1990, 82, 1107-1112).

This form of assay employs 96 well cell culture microplates of 9 mm diameter (T. Mosmann et al., J. of Immuological Methods 1983, 65, 55-63; G. T. Faircloth et al., J. of Tissue and Culture Methods 1988, 11, 201-205). Most of the cell lines are obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) derived from different human cancer types.

Cells are maintained in RPMI 1640 10% FBS, supplemented with 0.1 g/L penicillin and 0.1 g/L streptomycin sulfate and then incubated at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and 98% humidity. For the experiments, cells were harvested from subconfluent cultures using trypsin and resuspended in fresh medium before plating.

Cells are seeded in 96 well microtiter plates, at 5×10³ cells per well in aliquots of 195 μL medium, and they are allowed to attach to the plate surface by growing in drug free medium for 18 hours. Afterward, samples are added in aliquots of 5 μL in a ranging from 10 to 10⁻⁸ μg/mL, dissolved in DMSO/EtOH/PBS (0.5:0.5:99). After 48 hours exposure, the antitumor effect are measured by the SRB methodology: cells are fixed by adding 50 μL of cold 50% (wt/vol) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and incubated for 60 minutes at 4° C. Plates are washed with deionizer water and dried. One hundred μl of SRB solution (0.4% wt/vol in 1% acetic acid) is added to each microliter well and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Unbound SRB is removed by washing with 1% acetic acid. Plates are air dried and bound stain is solubilized with Tris buffer. Optical densities are read on a automated spectrophotometric plate reader at a single wavelength of 490 nm.

The values for mean +/−SD of data from triplicate wells are calculated. Some parameters for cellular responses can be calculated: GI=growth inhibition, TGI=total growth inhibition (cytostatic effect) and LC=cell killing (cytotoxic effect).

Tables 1 illustrates data on the biological activity of the compounds of the present invention.

TABLE 1 Activity data (Molar) 19a 19b 20a + 20c 20b + 20d 31b + 31d DU-145 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.07E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LN-caP GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 8.42E−06 1.24E−05 — TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 — LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 — IGROV GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.41E−05 2.05E−05 1.65E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 IGROV-ET GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.38E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 SK-BR-3 GI50 1.21E−05 6.15E−06 1.11E−05 1.49E−05 2.02E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.17E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 MEL-28 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.63E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 A-549 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 K-562 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 7.75E−06 1.03E−05 — TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 — LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 — PANC-1 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.40E−05 9.37E−06 1.26E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 HT-29 GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.71E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LOVO GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.04E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LOVO-DOX GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 8.51E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 HELA GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.33E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 HELA-APL GI50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 1.29E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 2.05E−05 30a 30b 3a + 4a 3b + 4b 3c + 4c 3d + 4d DU-145 GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 6.31E−08 6.52E−06 5.50E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 4.03E−07 2.68E−05 4.16E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.03E−06 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 LN-caP GI50 — — 8.19E−08 9.29E−06 7.03E−07 — TGI — — 5.53E−07 2.68E−05 4.56E−06 — LC50 — — 5.32E−06 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 — IGROV GI50 — — 7.30E−08 5.96E−06 5.53E−07 2.05E−05 TGI — — 3.76E−07 2.68E−05 3.57E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 — — 3.92E−06 2.68E−05 2.09E−05 2.68E−05 IGROV-ET GI50 8.27E−06 8.27E−06 1.00E−07 6.55E−06 7.03E−07 1.71E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.07E−06 2.68E−05 6.95E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 SK-BR-3 GI50 8.56E−06 1.21E−05 3.03E−08 5.07E−06 1.16E−06 2.05E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 4.75E−07 1.09E−05 6.07E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 5.34E−06 2.33E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 MEL-28 GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 7.54E−08 5.53E−06 6.34E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 8.32E−07 2.68E−05 7.25E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.20E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 A-549 GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.44E−07 2.68E−05 9.13E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.59E−06 2.68E−05 1.34E−05 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.56E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 K-562 GI50 — — 5.21E−07 1.42E−05 4.59E−06 — TGI — — 1.46E−06 1.82E−05 1.19E−05 — LC50 — — 8.40E−06 2.33E−05 2.68E−05 — PANC-1 GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 8.97E−08 2.68E−05 1.03E−06 1.35E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.95E−06 2.68E−05 1.33E−05 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 HT-29 GI50 — — 6.01E−08 2.21E−05 5.64E−07 2.68E−05 TGI — — 1.18E−06 2.68E−05 6.69E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 — — 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 LOVO GI50 6.37E−06 6.88E−06 8.22E−08 4.81E−06 7.14E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.35E−06 1.26E−05 7.01E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.77E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 LOVO-DOX GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.52E−07 9.34E−06 8.46E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.36E−06 2.68E−05 6.18E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 HELA GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 7.28E−08 8.73E−06 6.20E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 5.50E−07 2.68E−05 4.78E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 7.14E−06 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 HELA-APL GI50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 7.33E−08 5.18E−06 5.93E−07 2.68E−05 TGI 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 9.83E−07 2.68E−05 8.67E−06 2.68E−05 LC50 1.21E−05 1.21E−05 1.47E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 2.68E−05 46 43 44 45 47 1 DU-145 GI50 9.65E−06 4.99E−06 4.99E−06 1.63E−05 8.15E−08 3.66E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 9.66E−06 1.04E−05 1.63E−05 5.31E−07 1.02E−05 LC50 1.89E−05 1.87E−05 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 2.52E−05 LN-caP GI50 5.24E−06 3.78E−06 3.77E−06 8.34E−06 8.13E−08 1.45E−06 TGI 9.06E−06 7.62E−06 7.88E−06 1.63E−05 5.36E−07 6.31E−06 LC50 1.56E−05 1.54E−05 1.66E−05 1.63E−05 8.88E−06 2.52E−05 IGROV GI50 7.74E−06 4.94E−06 4.13E−06 1.63E−05 6.39E−08 1.63E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 9.99E−06 7.67E−06 1.63E−05 5.28E−07 5.67E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.89E−05 1.42E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 1.76E−05 IGROV-ET GI50 7.39E−06 4.52E−06 4.15E−06 1.58E−05 1.52E−07 3.10E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 8.96E−06 8.09E−06 1.63E−05 1.08E−06 8.58E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.78E−05 1.58E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 2.37E−05 SK-BR-3 GI50 — — — — 2.31E−08 4.69E−07 TGI — — — — 1.18E−07 1.11E−05 LC50 — — — — 2.30E−06 3.43E−06 MEL-28 GI50 9.89E−06 3.90E−06 3.84E−06 1.63E−05 8.20E−08 2.72E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 7.24E−06 6.96E−06 1.63E−05 9.84E−07 6.10E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.34E−05 1.26E−05 1.63E−05 1.29E−05 1.36E−05 A-549 GI50 1.34E−05 4.44E−06 4.01E−06 1.63E−05 1.51E−07 1.10E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 8.49E−06 7.87E−06 1.63E−05 1.12E−06 5.04E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.62E−05 1.54E−05 1.63E−05 2.32E−05 2.35E−05 K-562 GI50 1.20E−05 3.59E−06 6.10E−06 1.63E−05 2.94E−07 1.99E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 7.72E−06 1.14E−05 1.63E−05 9.99E−07 7.36E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.65E−05 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 1.18E−05 2.46E−05 PANC-1 GI50 7.38E−06 3.73E−06 3.73E−06 8.24E−06 9.05E−08 3.33E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 7.02E−06 7.20E−06 1.63E−05 2.38E−06 8.40E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.32E−05 1.38E−05 1.63E−05 1.95E−05 2.13E−05 HT-29 GI50 1.50E−05 4.24E−06 6.22E−06 1.63E−05 1.06E−07 1.67E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 8.28E−06 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 3.11E−06 5.37E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.62E−05 1.70E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 1.34E−05 LOVO GI50 4.37E−06 4.03E−06 4.05E−06 8.26E−06 4.03E−08 1.62E−06 TGI 1.00E−05 9.06E−06 8.99E−06 1.63E−05 3.74E−07 4.87E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.89E−05 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 1.77E−05 1.26E−05 LOVO-DOX GI50 6.15E−06 3.31E−06 4.27E−06 1.05E−05 2.16E−07 3.13E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 7.21E−06 8.90E−06 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 8.10E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.57E−05 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 2.11E−05 HELA GI50 8.81E−06 4.37E−06 3.91E−06 1.63E−05 7.17E−08 1.99E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 8.47E−06 7.59E−06 1.63E−05 4.34E−07 6.66E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.64E−05 1.47E−05 1.63E−05 1.35E−05 2.05E−05 HELA-APL GI50 1.01E−05 4.27E−06 3.77E−06 1.63E−05 7.96E−08 1.72E−06 TGI 1.89E−05 9.34E−06 9.83E−06 1.63E−05 5.91E−07 6.23E−06 LC50 1.89E−05 1.89E−05 1.75E−05 1.63E−05 2.41E−05 2.20E−03 

1. A compound of the general formula I, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a stereoisomer thereof

wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl; the group R′ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aminoalkyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic groups; and the group R″ is selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OR′, OCOR′, SH, SR′, SOR′, SO₂R′, NO₂, NH₂, NHR′, N(R′)₂, NHCOR′, N(COR′)₂, NHSO₂R′, CN, halogen, C(═O)H, C(═O)R′, CO₂H, CO₂R′, CH₂OR, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted haloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted, or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic; with the proviso that the compound is not a compound of formula


2. A compound according to claim 1, with the following stereochemistry


3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein R″ is CH₂OH

which may exist as one of the two isomeric forms at each isomeric center.
 4. A compound according to claim 3, with the following stereochemistry


5. A compound according to claim 4, with the following stereochemistry


6. A compound according to claim 4, with the following stereochemistry


7. A compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein R″ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylidene.
 8. A compound according to claim 3, wherein at least one R is C(═O)R′.
 9. A compound according to claim 8, which is of formula


10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein at least one R is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl.
 11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein at least one R is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 12. A compound according to claim 1, which is of formula

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 13. A compound according to claim 12, which is of formula

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined in claim
 12. 14. A compound according to claim 12, which is of formula

where R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined in claim
 12. 15. A compound according to claim 12, wherein R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are the same.
 16. A compound according to claim 12, wherein R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are chosen from TBS (tBuMe₂Si—), TBDPS (tBuPh₂Si—), TES (Et₃Si—), MOM (CH₃OCH₂—), MEM (CH₃OCH₂CH₂OCH₂—), SEM ((CH₃)₃SiCH₂CH₂OCH₂—) and Ac—(CH₃CO—).
 17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are chosen from TBS (tBuMe₂Si—) and TBDPS (tBuPh₂Si—).
 18. A compound according to claim 1, which is of formula

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 19. A compound according to claim 18, which is of formula:

where R¹ is as defined in claim
 18. 20. A compound according to claim 18, which is of formula:

where R¹ is as defined in claim
 18. 21. A compound according to claim 18, wherein R¹ is TBS (tBuMe₂Si—).
 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 23. A method of preparing a medicament for treating a tumor comprising combining a compound according to claim 1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 24. A method of treating a tumor which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 25. A process for synthesis of a compound according to claim 3 which comprises removing a protecting group from an intermediate compound of formula:

wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, SiR′₃, SOR′, SO₂R′, C(═O)R′, C(═O)OR′, C(═O)NHR′, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl, and wherein for at least one R in the product compound of claim 3 that is hydrogen, the corresponding R in the intermediate compound above is a protecting group; and wherein the group R′ is as defined in claim 3, and wherein each said protecting group is independently selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 26. A process according to claim 25, wherein more than one R in the intermediate compound is a protecting group as defined in claim
 25. 27. A process according to claim 25, which comprises replacing at least one moiety with hydrogen in a compound of formula:

where said moiety to be replaced is selected from R¹, R², R⁶, and R⁷, and where at least one R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl, and the remaining moieties are defined as R according to claim
 25. 28. A process according to claim 25, which comprises replacing at least one moiety with hydrogen in a compound of formula:

where said moiety to be replaced is selected from R¹, R², R⁶, and R⁷, and where at least one R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl, and the remaining moieties are defined as R according to claim
 25. 29. A process according to any of claims 25 to 28, wherein R¹, R², R⁶ and R⁷ are the same and are each replaced with hydrogen.
 30. A process according to claim 25, which comprises replacing R¹ with hydrogen in a compound of formula:

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 31. A process according to claim 25, which comprises replacing R¹ with hydrogen in a compound of formula:

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of SiR′₃, C(═O)R′, and substituted alkyl.
 32. A process for synthesis of a compound according to claim 1 which comprises derivatisation of a compound of formula:

which may exist as a mixture of the ketone isomer and the hemiketal isomer, or as one of the two isomeric forms; and wherein R is as defined in claim
 1. 33. A process according to claim 32 comprising the steps of Scheme 1 from compound 6

where R¹, R², R⁴, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently defined as R as defined in claim
 32. 34. A process according to claim 32 comprising the steps of Scheme 2 from compound 8

where R¹, R², R⁴, R⁶ and R⁷ are independently defined as R as defined in claim
 32. 